Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34663447›Full record

SynthesisGenome medicine2021

Comprehensive multi-omics integration identifies differentially active enhancers during human brain development with clinical relevance.

Soheil Yousefi, Ruizhi Deng, Kristina Lanko, Eva Medico Salsench, Anita Nikoncuk, Herma C van der Linde, Elena Perenthaler, Tjakko J van Ham, Eskeatnaf Mulugeta, Tahsin Stefan Barakat

Open access · goldAbstract readMeta-Analysis
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Genome medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
13citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
2.8field-weighted citation impact, top 8% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
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  4. A clinical and genotype-phenotype analysis of MACF1 variants.American journal of human genetics · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Soheil YousefiDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Ruizhi Deng *Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Kristina Lanko *Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Eva Medico Salsench *Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Anita Nikoncuk *Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Herma C van der LindeDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Elena PerenthalerDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Tjakko J van HamDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Eskeatnaf MulugetaDepartment of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. e.mulugeta@erasmusmc.nl.
Tahsin Stefan BarakatDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. t.barakat@erasmusmc.nl.ORCID 0000-0003-1231-1562
Erasmus MC · NL

Funding

Autism Genetics, Phase II: Increasing Representation of Human DiversityR01MH100027 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI GESCHWIND, DANIEL H · 2013 to 2024
$31.7M
The San Diego Epigenome CenterU01ES017166 · NIEHS · LUDWIG INSTITUTE FOR CANCER RES LTD · PI REN, BING · 2008 to 2013
$16.3M
Production sequencing of reference human epigenomesU01ES017155 · NIEHS · MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY · PI BERNSTEIN, BRADLEY EVAN, MEISSNER, ALEXANDER · 2008 to 2012
$15.4M
Integrated Epigenetic Maps of Human Embryonic and Adult CellsU01ES017154 · NIEHS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI COSTELLO, JOSEPH F, MARRA, MARCO ANTONIO · 2008 to 2012
$11.6M
Northwest Reference Epigenome Mapping CenterU01ES017156 · NIEHS · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI STAMATOYANNOPOULOS, JOHN A · 2008 to 2014
$10.0M
Transcriptional Atlas of Human Brain DevelopmentRC2MH089929 · NIMH · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI SESTAN, NENAD · 2009 to 2010
$9.9M
Transcriptional Atlas of Human Brain DevelopmentRC2MH090047 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI KNOWLES, JAMES A, LEVITT, PAT · 2009 to 2010
$8.9M
Epigenomics Data Analysis and Coordination Center at Baylor College of MedicineU01DA025956 · NIDA · BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE · PI BEAUDET, ARTHUR L., MILOSAVLJEVIC, ALEKSANDAR · 2008 to 2013
$8.9M
Functional Genomics of Human Brain DevelopmentP50MH106934 · NIMH · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI SESTAN, NENAD · 2014 to 2019
$7.9M
Cis-Regulatory Epigenome Mappings in SchizophreniaU01MH103392 · NIMH · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI AKBARIAN, SCHAHRAM, SKLAR, PAMELA · 2014 to 2017
$7.6M
Transcriptional and Epigenetic Signatures of Human Brain Development and AutismU01MH103339 · NIMH · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI SESTAN, NENAD, STATE, MATTHEW W. · 2014 to 2017
$6.5M
Development and Organization of the Human Frontal CortexU01MH081896 · NIMH · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI SESTAN, NENAD · 2009 to 2013
$5.7M
NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA025956NIEHS NIH HHS U01 ES017154NIEHS NIH HHS U01 ES017155NIEHS NIH HHS U01 ES017156NIEHS NIH HHS U01 ES017166NIMH NIH HHS P50 MH106934NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH060233NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH094714NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH100027NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH105472NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH105898NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH110927NIMH NIH HHS R21 MH102791NIMH NIH HHS R21 MH103877NIMH NIH HHS R21 MH105881NIMH NIH HHS RC2 MH089929NIMH NIH HHS RC2 MH090047NIMH NIH HHS U01 MH081896NIMH NIH HHS U01 MH103339NIMH NIH HHS U01 MH103340NIMH NIH HHS U01 MH103346NIMH NIH HHS U01 MH103365NIMH NIH HHS U01 MH103392
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundNon-coding regulatory elements (NCREs), such as enhancers, play a crucial role in gene regulation, and genetic aberrations in NCREs can lead to human disease, including brain disorders. The human brain is a complex organ that is susceptible to numerous disorders; many of these are caused by genetic changes, but a multitude remain currently unexplained. Understanding NCREs acting during brain development has the potential to shed light on previously unrecognized genetic causes of human brain disease. Despite immense community-wide efforts to understand the role of the non-coding genome and NCREs, annotating functional NCREs remains challenging.

methodsHere we performed an integrative computational analysis of virtually all currently available epigenome data sets related to human fetal brain.

resultsOur in-depth analysis unravels 39,709 differentially active enhancers (DAEs) that show dynamic epigenomic rearrangement during early stages of human brain development, indicating likely biological function. Many of these DAEs are linked to clinically relevant genes, and functional validation of selected DAEs in cell models and zebrafish confirms their role in gene regulation. Compared to enhancers without dynamic epigenomic rearrangement, DAEs are subjected to higher sequence constraints in humans, have distinct sequence characteristics and are bound by a distinct transcription factor landscape. DAEs are enriched for GWAS loci for brain-related traits and for genetic variation found in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism.

conclusionThis compendium of high-confidence enhancers will assist in deciphering the mechanism behind developmental genetics of human brain and will be relevant to uncover missing heritability in human genetic brain disorders.

Indexed as

Enhancer Elements, GeneticEpigenomicsGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalAnimalsBinding SitesBrainGenomeHEK293 CellsHumansPhenotypePneumonia, AspirationTranscription FactorsZebrafishTranscription FactorsClinical geneticsComputational analysisData integrationEnhancerEpigenomeGene regulatory elementsHuman brain developmentMendelian disordersMeta-analysisNon-coding genome

Identifiers

PMID34663447
PMCPMC8524963
OpenAlexW3207474566

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.