Trial reportJournal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition2021
Effects of chronic betaine supplementation on performance in professional young soccer players during a competitive season: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Trial report in Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of dietary supplements on lower-limb power and jump performance in physically active individuals and athletes: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of different dietary supplements on athletic performance in soccer players: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Trial
- Effect of 8-Week β-Alanine Supplementation on CRP, IL-6, Body Composition, and Bio-Motor Abilities in Elite Male Basketball Players.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Exploring the Multifunctional Roles of Betaine: Traditional Applications, Emerging Technologies, and Green Chemistry Innovations.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Multifactorial Thresholds of Psychomotor Fatigue in Soccer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of human kinetics · 2026Review
- Betaine: A Promising Natural Product for Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases.Current neuropharmacology · 2026Review
- Nutrition as a missing piece in the development of youth male soccer players: a scoping review and future directions.Biology of sport · 2026Review
- Effects of betaine supplementation on endurance exercise performance: a systematic review.Physical activity and nutrition · 2025Article
- Effects of Nutrition Interventions on Athletic Performance in Soccer Players: A Systematic Review.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Article
- Effects of 6-Week Betaine Supplementation on Muscular Performance in Male Collegiate Athletes.Biology · 2022Article
- Effects of small-sided games and running-based high-intensity interval training on body composition and physical fitness in under-19 female soccer players.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2022Article
- The influence of maturation, fitness, and hormonal indices on minutes played in elite youth soccer players: a cross-sectional study.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2022Article
- Associations between match participation, maturation, physical fitness, and hormonal levels in elite male soccer player U15: a prospective study with observational cohort.BMC pediatrics · 2022Observational
- Article
- Acute and Chronic Workload Ratios of Perceived Exertion, Global Positioning System, and Running-Based Variables Between Starters and Non-starters: A Male Professional Team Study.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveVarious nutritional strategies are adopted for athletes to maintain and to improve performance during the competition season. Betaine may enhance performance during a competitive season by increasing the testosterone to cortisol ratio and reducing systemic inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of betaine supplementation on the bio-motor abilities in young professional soccer players.
methodsTwenty-nine young professional soccer players (age, 15.5±0.3 years) were matched by position and randomly assigned to one of two groups for 14 weeks: betaine (BG, 2 g/day; n=14) or placebo (PG n=15). Diet was standardized by a nutritionist, and measures of muscular power (countermovement jump: CMJ), change of direction: modified 5-0-5), acceleration (10 m sprint), sprint performance (30 m sprint time: SpT), muscular strength (leg press and bench press one repetition maximum: 1-RM), repeated sprint ability (running-based anaerobic sprint test: RAST), and aerobic capacity (30-15 intermittent fitness test) were assessed in the pre (P1), mid (P2) and post (P3) season over the course of 5 days. All subjects participated in one soccer match and five training sessions per week.
resultsSignificant (p < 0.05) group x time interactions were found for maximal oxygen uptake (VO
conclusions14-week of betaine supplementation increased predicted 1-RM, VO
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.