ArticleAlimentary pharmacology & therapeutics2022
Use of contraceptives and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a nested case-control study.
Article in Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Contraceptive use among women with inflammatory bowel disease: An updated systematic review.Contraception · 2025Pooled it
- Pre-Treatment with Estradiol, But not Progesterone, Exacerbates DSS Colitis: Dysregulated Innate Immunity and Impaired Epithelial Damage Response.Inflammation · 2026Article
- The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: exploring the impacts of environmental factors.The Korean journal of internal medicine · 2026Review
- Estrogen receptors and the NRF2 pathway: bridging hormonal regulation and stress response in the gut.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- The Burden of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries from 1990 to 2021 with Forecasting Projections to 2030: A Global Burden of Disease Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Understanding Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Women From Puberty to Menopause.Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2025Article
- Nausea and Gastric Myoelectrical Activity Are Influenced by Hormonal Contraception in Chronic Gastroduodenal Disorders.Clinical and translational gastroenterology · 2025Article
- Influence of biological sex in inflammatory bowel diseases.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2025Review
- Review
- Hypothalamic amenorrhoea as an extraintestinal manifestation of Crohn's disease: A case report.Malaysian family physician : the official journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia · 2025Article
- Incidence, prevalence and clinical presentation of inflammatory bowel diseases in Northern France: a 30-year population-based study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2024Article
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Endometriosis: Diagnosis and Clinical Characteristics.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Estrogen deprivation and estrogen receptor α antagonism decrease DSS colitis in female mice.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2024Article
- Contraception in Medically Complex Adolescents and Young Adults.Open access journal of contraception · 2024Article
- Drug Repurposing in Crohn's Disease Using Danish Real-World Data.Pragmatic and observational research · 2024Article
- Environmental risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease.United European gastroenterology journal · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHow contraceptive formulation, dose, duration of therapy and mode of delivery affects the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is poorly described.
aimTo examine associations between types of hormonal contraception and development of IBD.
methodsThis was a nested case-control study using IQVIA Medical Research Data. Women aged 15-49 years with a new diagnosis of IBD were matched with up to six controls by age, practice and year. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for incident IBD and use of contraception were calculated.
results4932 incident cases of IBD were matched to 29 340 controls. Use of combined oral contraceptive pills (COCPs) was associated with the development of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (OR 1.60 [1.41-1.82] and 1.30 [1.15-1.45], respectively). Each additional month of COCP exposure per year of follow-up increased risk of Crohn's disease by 6.4% (5.1%-7.7%) and ulcerative colitis by 3.3% (2.1%-4.4%). Progestogen-only pills had no effect on Crohn's disease risk (OR 1.09 [0.84-1.40]) but there was a modest association with ulcerative colitis (OR 1.35 [1.12-1.64]). Parenteral contraception was not associated with the development of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis (OR 1.15 [0.99-1.47] and 1.17 [0.98-1.39], respectively).
conclusionsWe observed an increase in the risk of IBD with increasing duration of exposure to COCPs. Progestogen-only pills were not associated with Crohn's disease but there was a modest association with ulcerative colitis. There was no association between parenteral progestogen-only contraception and IBD. These findings are broadly consistent with a hypothesis that the oestrogen component of contraception may drive IBD pathogenesis.
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