Immune Responses in Malaria and Vaccine Strategies.

Malaria is a pandemic with nearly half of global population at risk, caused by parasite Plasmodium species, particularly P. falciparum with a high morbidity and mortality, especially among children. There is an urgent need for development of population protective vaccines, such as in sub-Saharan low-income countries, where P. falciparum malaria is endemic. After years of endeavour with children and adults for safety and efficacy clinical trials, the P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein antigen, is targeted by specific antibodies induced by recombinant vaccine, called TRS,S. TRS,S has been authorized by WHO and Malawi Government to be the first malaria vaccine for up to 2 years of aged children for protection against malaria. Other malaria vaccines in clinical trials are also very promising candidates, including the original live, X-ray attenuated P-sporozoite vaccine, inducing antigen-specific T cell immunity at liver stage. Malaria parasite at blood symptomatic stage is targeted by specific antibodies to parasite-infected erythrocytes, which are important against pathogenic placenta-infected erythrocyte sequestration. Here, the demographic distribution of Plasmodium species and their pathogenicity in infected people are discussed. The role of innate phagocytic cells and malaria antigen specific T cell immunity, as well as that of specific antibody production by B cells are highlighted. The paramount role of cytotoxic CD8