ReviewEvolution, medicine, and public health2021
Variation among human populations in endometriosis and PCOS A test of the inverse comorbidity model.
Review in Evolution, medicine, and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Challenging prior assumptions: coexistence of polycystic ovarian morphology and endometriosis on transvaginal ultrasound.Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · 2026Article
- Review
- Genetically Causal Associations Between Adenomyosis/Endometriosis and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes - A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- Gene Polymorphisms Determining Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin Levels and Endometriosis Risk.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Similar but Distinct Comorbidity Patterns Between Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Endometriosis in Korean Women: A Nationwide Cohort Study.Journal of Korean medical science · 2024Article
- Infertility, IL-17, IL-33 and Microbiome Cross-Talk: The Extended ARIA-MeDALL Hypothesis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- The kisspeptin system in and beyond reproduction: exploring intricate pathways and potential links between endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2024Review
- Genomic characterisation of the overlap of endometriosis with 76 comorbidities identifies pleiotropic and causal mechanisms underlying disease risk.Human genetics · 2023Article
- Effects of dysregulated glucose metabolism on the occurrence and ART outcome of endometriosis.European journal of medical research · 2023Article
- Endometriosis: Update of Pathophysiology, (Epi) Genetic and Environmental Involvement.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Is There a Correlation between the Second-to-Four Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Endometriosis? Results of a Case-Control Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Nourishing Kidney Promoting Ovulation Decoction (NKPOD) Attenuates Polycystic Ovary Syndrome by Downregulating miRNA-224.Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2023Article
- A Common Genetic Factor Underlies Genetic Risk for Gynaecological and Reproductive Disorders and Is Correlated with Risk to Depression.Neuroendocrinology · 2023Article
- Sex Hormone Candidate Gene Polymorphisms Are Associated with Endometriosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and Endometriosis as Two Evil Extremes of Health Continuum.Journal of reproduction & infertilityArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Evidence linking endometriosis to low prenatal testosterone, and evidence that risk of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with high prenatal testosterone, have motivated the hypothesis that endometriosis and PCOS exhibit inverse comorbidity. The inverse comorbidity hypothesis predicts that populations exhibiting higher prevalence of one disorder should show lower prevalence of the other. To test this prediction, data were compiled from the literature on the prevalence of endometriosis and PCOS, levels of serum testosterone in women during pregnancy and digit ratios as indicators of prenatal testosterone, in relation to variation in inferred or observed population ancestries. Published studies indicate that rates of endometriosis are highest in women from Asian populations, intermediate in women from European populations and lowest in women from African populations (i.e. with inferred or observed African ancestry); by contrast, rates of PCOS show evidence of being lowest in Asian women, intermediate in Europeans and highest in individuals from African populations. Women from African populations also show higher serum testosterone during pregnancy (which may increase PCOS risk, and decrease endometriosis risk, in daughters), and higher prenatal testosterone (as indicated by digit ratios), than European women. These results are subject to caveats involving ascertainment biases, socioeconomic, cultural and historical effects on diagnoses, data quality, uncertainties regarding the genetic and environmental bases of population differences and population variation in the causes and symptoms of PCOS and endometriosis. Despite such reservations, the findings provide convergent, preliminary support for the inverse comorbidity model, and they should motivate further tests of its predictions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.