ArticleFrontiers in immunology2021
Mild and Asymptomatic COVID-19 Convalescents Present Long-Term Endotype of Immunosuppression Associated With Neutrophil Subsets Possessing Regulatory Functions.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed.
- IFITM3 deficiency drives SARS-CoV-2 adaptation while preserving variant-specific traits.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The inflammation-immunosuppression loop as a driver of immune dysfunction and secondary infections in severe COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Long COVID syndrome in children: neutrophilic granulocyte dysfunction and its correlation with disease severity.Pediatric research · 2025Article
- Neutrophils and NETs in kidney disease.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2025Review
- Interaction of low-density neutrophils with other immune cells in the mechanism of inflammation.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Review
- Low-Density Neutrophils: Enigmatic Cells in Health and Disease.Journal of immunology research · 2025Review
- Cytokine landscape in hospitalized children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Immunotherapy in the context of sepsis-induced immunological dysregulation.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Fc receptors are key discriminatory markers of granulocytes subsets in people living with HIV-1.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Abnormal functional lymphoid tolerance and enhanced myeloid exocytosis are characteristics of resting and stimulated PBMCs in cystic fibrosis patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- COVID-19 PBMCs are doubly harmful, through LDN-mediated lung epithelial damage and monocytic impaired responsiveness to liveFrontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Review
- Blood Profiling of Athletes after COVID-19: Differences in Blood Profiles of Post-COVID-19 Athletes Compared to Uninfected Athletic Individuals-An Exploratory Analysis.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Here, There, and Everywhere: Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Immunology.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2023Review
- Should We Expect an Increase in the Number of Cancer Cases in People with Long COVID?Microorganisms · 2023Review
- Suppressive myeloid cells in SARS-CoV-2 andFrontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Mild to moderate post-COVID-19 alters markers of lymphocyte activation, exhaustion, and immunometabolic responses that can be partially associated by physical activity level- an observational sub-analysis fit- COVID study.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Correlations of Long COVID Symptoms and Inflammatory Markers of Complete Blood Count (CBC): A Cross-sectional Study.Journal of community hospital internal medicine perspectives · 2023Article
- Unbalanced IDO1/IDO2 Endothelial Expression and Skewed Keynurenine Pathway in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 and Post-COVID-19 Pneumonia.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in COVID-19: A review.Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 infection [coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)] is associated with severe lymphopenia and impaired immune response, including expansion of myeloid cells with regulatory functions, e.g., so-called low-density neutrophils, containing granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (LDNs/PMN-MDSCs). These cells have been described in both infections and cancer and are known for their immunosuppressive activity. In the case of COVID-19, long-term complications have been frequently observed (long-COVID). In this context, we aimed to investigate the immune response of COVID-19 convalescents after a mild or asymptomatic course of disease. We enrolled 13 convalescents who underwent a mild or asymptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2, confirmed by a positive result of the PCR test, and 13 healthy donors without SARS-CoV-2 infection in the past. Whole blood was used for T-cell subpopulation and LDNs/PMN-MDSCs analysis. LDNs/PMN-MDSCs and normal density neutrophils (NDNs) were sorted out by FACS and used for T-cell proliferation assay with autologous T cells activated with anti-CD3 mAb. Serum samples were used for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing IgG and GM-CSF concentration. Our results showed that in convalescents, even 3 months after infection, an elevated level of LDNs/PMN-MDSCs is still maintained in the blood, which correlates negatively with the level of CD8
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