ArticleFrontiers in immunology2021
Asymptomatic and Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infections Elicit Lower Immune Activation and Higher Specific Neutralizing Antibodies in Children Than in Adults.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Children and Adults With Mild COVID-19: Dynamics of the Memory T Cell Response up to 10 Months.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Trial
- Impaired Treg Response and Subclinical Cardiac Dysfunction in Children Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial Dysfunction is a Crucial Immune Checkpoint for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration: mtDAMPs in Focus.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- SARS-CoV-2 antibody and neutralization dynamics among persons with natural- and vaccine-induced exposures.PloS one · 2025Article
- Impact of immunodeficiencies on immunity induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection, mRNA BNT162b2 vaccination, and their combination in children and young adults.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- The role of B lymphocyte subsets in nephrotic syndrome: functions, mechanisms, clinical significance and future perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- T Regulatory Cell Subsets Do Not Restore for One Year After Acute COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- HIV reservoir and premature aging: risk factors for aging-associated illnesses in adolescents and young adults with perinatally acquired HIV.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Article
- Differences in the Clinical Manifestations and Host Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Children Compared to Adults.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Cohort profile: evaluation of immune response and household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Costa Rica: the RESPIRA study.BMJ open · 2023Article
- Psychiatric disorders during pregnancy in asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 positive women: Prevalence and effect on outcome.Psychiatry research · 2023Article
- Understanding COVID-19 in children: immune determinants and post-infection conditions.Pediatric research · 2023Review
- The Immunological Profile of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children Is Linked to Clinical Severity and Age.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) and COVID-19: Unveiling the Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potentialities with a Special Focus on Long COVID.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Immune profiling of SARS-CoV-2 epitopes in asymptomatic and symptomatic pediatric and adult patients.Journal of translational medicine · 2023Article
- The Notch1/CD22 signaling axis disrupts Treg function in SARS-CoV-2-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2023Article
- Long-term Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Children and Adults After Mild Infection.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- COVID-19 in children: From afterthought to unknown.Cell reports. Medicine · 2022Article
- A scoping review of regulatory T cell dynamics in convalescent COVID-19 patients - indications for their potential involvement in the development of Long COVID?Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: The immune response plays a pivotal role in dictating the clinical outcome in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS Methods: Of 209 enrolled subjects, 155 patients were confirmed by PCR and/or serology as having coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Blood samples were obtained at a median of 2.8 (interquartile, 2.1-3.7) and 6.1 (5.3-7.2) months after baseline (symptom onset and/or first positive virus detection). The immune profiles of activation, senescence, exhaustion, and regulatory cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) were detected by a plaque reduction neutralization test. In available nasopharyngeal swabs at baseline, SARS-CoV-2 levels were quantified by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). Results: Overall, COVID-19 patients had higher levels of immune activation, exhaustion, and regulatory cells compared to non-COVID-19 subjects. Within the COVID-19 group, activated and senescent cells were higher in adults than in children and inversely correlated with the nAbs levels. Conversely, Tregs and Bregs regulatory cells were higher in COVID-19 children compared to adults and positively correlated with nAbs. Higher immune activation still persisted in adults after 6 months of infection, while children maintained higher levels of regulatory cells. SARS-CoV-2 levels did not differ among age classes. Conclusions: Adults displayed higher immune activation and lower production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 nAbs than children. The different immune response was not related to different viral load. The higher expression of regulatory cells in children may contribute to reduce the immune activation, thus leading to a greater specific response against the virus.
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Registered trials
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