ReviewCNS drugs2021
Secondary Immunodeficiency and Risk of Infection Following Immune Therapies in Neurology.
Review in CNS drugs, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Efgartigimod PH20 in Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy: ADHERE/ADHERE+ Trial Interim Analysis.Journal of the peripheral nervous system : JPNS · 2026Trial
- Implementing calculated globulin screening for immunodeficiencies: The benefits and challenges.Journal of human immunity · 2026Review
- Evaluation of Documented Infections by Provider Specialty in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Receiving Disease-Modifying Therapies: A Claims Database Analysis.Advances in therapy · 2026Article
- [Clinical profile of patients with secondary immunodeficiency on immunoglobulin replacement therapy].Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social · 2026Observational
- An Overview of the Strategies to Boost SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immunity in People with Inborn Errors of Immunity.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Disseminated Ureaplasma infection: A case report of septic polyarthritis in a patient on Rituximab therapy.IDCases · 2024Article
- Advances in B Cell Targeting for Treating Muscle-Specific Tyrosine Kinase-Associated Myasthenia Gravis.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2024Review
- Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) - revised recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). Part II: Attack therapy and long-term management.Journal of neurology · 2024Review
- Antibiotic failure: Beyond antimicrobial resistance.Drug resistance updates : reviews and commentaries in antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapy · 2023Review
- Article
- High-dose biotin neither fosters remyelination nor stimulates malonyl coenzyme A synthesis in the regenerating nerve.Neural regeneration research · 2023Article
- COVID-19-Related Burden and Risk Perception in Individuals with Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy and Multifocal Motor Neuropathy: A Cross-Sectional Study.Neurology and therapy · 2022Article
- Molecular Mechanisms of Immunosenescene and Inflammaging: Relevance to the Immunopathogenesis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Review
- The effect of cladribine on immunoglobulin levels compared to B cell targeting therapies in multiple sclerosis.Multiple sclerosis journal - experimental, translational and clinicalArticle
- Seroepidemiology of Chronic Toxoplasmosis in Multiple Sclerosis Patients in Northeastern Iran.Iranian journal of parasitologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Secondary immunodeficiencies (SIDs) are acquired conditions that may occur as sequelae of immune therapy. In recent years a number of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) has been approved for multiple sclerosis and related disorders such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, some of which are frequently also used in- or off-label to treat conditions such as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), myasthenia gravis, myositis, and encephalitis. In this review, we focus on currently available immune therapeutics in neurology to explore their specific modes of action that might contribute to SID, with particular emphasis on their potential to induce secondary antibody deficiency. Considering evidence from clinical trials as well as long-term observational studies related to the patients' immune status and risks of severe infections, we delineate long-term anti-CD20 therapy, with the greatest data availability for rituximab, as a major risk factor for the development of SID, particularly through secondary antibody deficiency. Alemtuzumab and cladribine have relevant effects on circulating B-cell counts; however, evidence for SID mediated by antibody deficiency appears limited and urgently warrants further systematic evaluation. To date, there has been no evidence suggesting that treatment with fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate, or natalizumab leads to antibody deficiency. Risk factors predisposing to development of SID include duration of therapy, increasing age, and pre-existing low immunoglobulin (Ig) levels. Prevention strategies of SID comprise awareness of risk factors, individualized treatment protocols, and vaccination concepts. Immune supplementation employing Ig replacement therapy might reduce morbidity and mortality associated with SIDs in neurological conditions. In light of the broad range of existing and emerging therapies, the potential for SID warrants urgent consideration among neurologists and other healthcare professionals.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.