Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34656783›Full record

ArticleNeuroImage2021

Investigating mechanisms of fast BOLD responses: The effects of stimulus intensity and of spatial heterogeneity of hemodynamics.

Jingyuan E Chen, Gary H Glover, Nina E Fultz, Bruce R Rosen, Jonathan R Polimeni, Laura D Lewis

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in NeuroImage, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
24citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

24 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. BOLD response delays represent local cortical processing.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2026
    Article
  3. Sleep Alters the Velocity of Physiological Brain Pulsations in Humans.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Steady-state free precession for TMagnetic resonance in medicine · 2025
    Article
  7. Towards whole brain mapping of the hemodynamic response function.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2025
    Article
  8. Article
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  10. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Jingyuan E ChenAthinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: jechen@mgh.harvard.edu.
Gary H GloverDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Nina E FultzAthinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
Bruce R RosenAthinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Jonathan R PolimeniAthinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Laura D LewisDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.

Funding

Project 4U19NS123717 · NINDS · BOSTON UNIVERSITY (CHARLES RIVER CAMPUS) · PI ROSEN, BRUCE R · 2021 to 2025
$13.4M
Training and DisseminationP41EB015891 · NIBIB · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI GLOVER, GARY H · 2012 to 2019
$10.7M
Project 4P41EB015896 · NIBIB · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI ROSEN, BRUCE R · 2012 to 2018
$9.8M
fMRI Technologies for Imaging at the Limit of Biological Spatiotemporal Resolution: Administrative SupplementR01EB019437 · NIBIB · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI POLIMENI, JONATHAN RIZZO, SETSOMPOP, KAWIN · 2015 to 2024
$5.5M
Resting state connectivity: Biophysical basis for and improved fMRI measurementsR01MH111438 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI KLEINFELD, DAVID, ROSEN, BRUCE R · 2016 to 2020
$5.2M
Improving Human fMRI through Modeling and Imaging Microvascular Dynamics: Administrative SupplementR01MH111419 · NIMH · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI POLIMENI, JONATHAN RIZZO · 2016 to 2020
$4.9M
SILICON GRAPHICS PRISM EXTREME 128P/1TBS10RR023043 · NCRR · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI SORENSEN, ALMA GREGORY · 2006 to 2006
$1.5M
Imaging neural dynamics at high temporal resolution in sleep and sleep deprivationR00MH111748 · NIMH · BOSTON UNIVERSITY (CHARLES RIVER CAMPUS) · PI LEWIS, LAURA DIANE · 2019 to 2021
$746k
Probing the Biophysical Basis of Large-Scale Brain Dynamics Using Simultaneous PET/fMRI and EEG/PET/fMRIR00NS118120 · NINDS · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI CHEN, JINGYUAN · 2023 to 2025
$735k
7T Translational MRI SystemS10RR019371 · NCRR · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI SORENSEN, ALMA GREGORY · 2007 to 2007
$500k
Neurovascular dynamics supporting fast and high resolution functional MR imagingR21NS106706 · NINDS · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI POLIMENI, JONATHAN RIZZO · 2018 to 2019
$457k
Probing the Biophysical Basis of Large-Scale Brain Dynamics Using Simultaneous PET/fMRI and EEG/PET/fMRIK99NS118120 · NINDS · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI CHEN, JINGYUAN · 2020 to 2021
$262k
NCRR NIH HHS S10 RR019371NCRR NIH HHS S10 RR023043NIBIB NIH HHS P41 EB015891NIBIB NIH HHS P41 EB015896NIBIB NIH HHS R01 EB019437NIH HHS S10 OD010759NIMH NIH HHS R00 MH111748NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH111419NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH111438NINDS NIH HHS K99 NS118120NINDS NIH HHS R00 NS118120NINDS NIH HHS R21 NS106706NINDS NIH HHS U19 NS123717
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Recent studies have demonstrated that fast fMRI can track neural activity well above the temporal limit predicted by the canonical hemodynamic response model. While these findings are promising, the biophysical mechanisms underlying these fast fMRI phenomena remain underexplored. In this study, we discuss two aspects of the hemodynamic response, complementary to several existing hypotheses, that can accommodate faster fMRI dynamics beyond those predicted by the canonical model. First, we demonstrate, using both visual and somatosensory paradigms, that the timing and shape of hemodynamic response functions (HRFs) vary across graded levels of stimulus intensity-with lower-intensity stimulation eliciting faster and narrower HRFs. Second, we show that as the spatial resolution of fMRI increases, voxel-wise HRFs begin to deviate from the canonical model, with a considerable portion of voxels exhibiting faster temporal dynamics than predicted by the canonical HRF. Collectively, both stimulus/task intensity and image resolution can affect the sensitivity of fMRI to fast brain activity, which may partly explain recent observations of fast fMRI signals. It is further noteworthy that, while the present investigations focus on fast neural responses, our findings suggest that a revised hemodynamic model may benefit the many fMRI studies using paradigms with wide ranges of contrast levels (e.g., resting or naturalistic conditions) or with modern, high-resolution MR acquisitions.

Indexed as

AdultBrain MappingFemaleHemodynamicsHumansMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleMiddle AgedVisual CortexYoung AdultFast fMRIHemodynamic response functionHigh spatial resolutionNonlinearityResting stateTask intensity

Identifiers

PMID34656783
PMCPMC8815416

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.