Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34656034›Full record

ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2021

Population-based estimates of geographic accessibility of medication for opioid use disorder by substance use disorder treatment facilities from 2014 to 2020.

Jonathan Cantor, David Powell, Aaron Kofner, Bradley D Stein

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
19citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

19 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
  2. Article
  3. Geographic Access to Mental Health Facilities for People with Disabilities.The journal of mental health policy and economics · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Justice Core: An Innovative Response to Incarceration During Pregnancy in North Carolina.Journal of correctional health care : the official journal of the National Commission on Correctional Health Care · 2025
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Buprenorphine prescribing practices for older adults in 2019 and 2020.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2025
    Observational
  8. Observational
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Trends in Geographic Proximity to Substance Use Disorder Treatment.American journal of preventive medicine · 2023
    Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Jonathan CantorRAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90401, USA. Electronic address: jcantor@rand.org.
David PowellRAND Corporation, 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202, USA.
Aaron KofnerRAND Corporation, 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202, USA.
Bradley D SteinRAND Corporation, 4570 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.

Funding

Optimal Methods for Estimating Policy Effect Heterogeneity in Opioid Policy ResearchP50DA046351 · NIDA · RAND CORPORATION · PI BRADLEY D STEIN · 2018 to 2026
$20.8M
Quality of Medication Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder in Medicaid-enrollees: The Effects of State Policies and IntiativesR01DA045800 · NIDA · RAND CORPORATION · PI STEIN, BRADLEY D · 2018 to 2022
$2.9M
NCIPC CDC HHS R01 CE002999NIDA NIH HHS P50 DA046351NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA045800
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundUnderstanding whether individuals have geographic accessibility to a substance use disorder treatment facility and a treatment facility that offers medication treatment for opioid use disorder (MOUD) can inform efforts to address the ongoing opioid crisis.

methodsWe used data from the National Directory of Drug and Alcohol Abuse Treatment Programs. First, we calculate the national share of treatment facilities that offer one type of MOUD or all forms of MOUD using a novel dataset of providers. Second, we quantify the share of counties with a treatment facility offering at least one type of MOUD. Finally, we calculate the share of the national population residing within a 10-mile radius of a treatment facility.

resultsThe share of counties with a treatment facility offering a MOUD as a form of treatment rose from 30% to 45% from 2014 to 2020 while the share of counties with facilities offering all three forms of MOUD increased from 4% to 9%. Over 83% of the population lives within 10 miles of a facility offering MOUD treatment, and 42% of the population have a treatment facility that offers all three forms of MOUD within a 10-mile radius. Much of the difference between the county- and population-based measures is explained by more population dense areas having higher rates of facilities providing MOUD.

conclusionsWhile the share of facilities within a county offering a MOUD is relatively small, the share of the population within 10 miles of such a facility is higher.

Indexed as

BuprenorphineOpioid-Related DisordersHealth FacilitiesHumansBuprenorphineAccess to careMedications for opioid use disorder

Identifiers

PMID34656034
PMCPMC8981564

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.