ArticleScientific reports2021
The effectiveness of various gargle formulations and salt water against SARS-CoV-2.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of Mouth Rinses and Nasal Spray in the Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis ofInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Effect of an Herbal Mouthwash Derived from Pedicough Syrup on Plaque, Gingival and Bleeding Indices in Patients with Gingivitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of dentistry (Shiraz, Iran) · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Thermal Inactivation and Chemical Disinfection Efficacy Against Lassa Virus.Viruses · 2026Article
- Treatment of Acute Sore Throat in Malaysia: A Consensus of Multidisciplinary Recommendations Using Modified Delphi Methodology.Infection and drug resistance · 2024Review
- Construction of an IFNAR1 knockout MDBK cell line using CRISPR/Cas9 and its effect on bovine virus replication.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Efficacy of different mouthwashes against COVID-19: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.The Japanese dental science review · 2023Review
- Association between handwashing and gargling education for children and prevention of respiratory tract infections: a longitudinal Japanese children population-based study.European journal of pediatrics · 2023Article
- Saline nasal irrigation and gargling in COVID-19: a multidisciplinary review of effects on viral load, mucosal dynamics, and patient outcomes.Frontiers in public health · 2023Review
- Disinfectants against SARS-CoV-2: A Review.Viruses · 2022Review
- Oral Antiseptics against SARS-CoV-2: A Literature Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Review
- Recommendation of the German Society of Hospital Hygiene (DGKH): Prevention of COVID-19 by virucidal gargling and virucidal nasal spray - updated version April 2022.GMS hygiene and infection control · 2022Article
- Cetylpyridinium chloride promotes disaggregation of SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles.Journal of oral microbiology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The COVID-19 is difficult to contain due to its high transmissibility rate and a long incubation period of 5 to 14 days. Moreover, more than half of the infected patients were young and asymptomatic. Virus transmission through asymptomatic patients is a major challenge to disease containment. Due to limited treatment options, preventive measures play major role in controlling the disease spread. Gargling with antiseptic formulation may have potential role in eliminating the virus in the throat. Four commercially available mouthwash/gargle formulations were tested for virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2 in both clean (0.3 g/l BSA) and dirty (0.3 g/l BSA + 3 mL/L human erythrocytes) conditions at time points 30 and 60 s. The virus was isolated and propagated in Vero E6 cells. The cytotoxicity of the products to the Vero E6 was evaluated by kill time assay based on the European Standard EN14476:2013/FprA1:2015 protocol. Virus titres were calculated as 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50/mL) using the Spearman-Karber method. A reduction in virus titer of 4 log
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.