ReviewCritical care (London, England)2021
Timing of antibiotic therapy in the ICU.
Review in Critical care (London, England), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 94 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
94 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 142 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diagnostic value of [European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Pooled it
- Gut colonization with multidrug resistant organisms in the intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Critical care (London, England) · 2024Pooled it
- Plasma protein binding of ceftriaxone in critically ill patients: can we predict unbound fractions?The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2023Trial
- Model-informed precision dosing of beta-lactam antibiotics and ciprofloxacin in critically ill patients: a multicentre randomised clinical trial.Intensive care medicine · 2022Trial
- Gut microbiota-driven IL-17A production by hepatic γδ T cells enhances neutrophil defense against systemicVirulence · 2026Article
- Diagnosing Sepsis and Identifying Bacterial Resistance Genes Directly from Whole Blood Using a Rapid Real-Time PCR System.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Oxford Nanopore Sequencing, a Promising Technology for Precision Diagnostics in Intensive Care Units: A Narrative Review.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Hour-1 Sepsis Bundle: Updated Evidence.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- A Multifunction Neurosciences Intensive Care Unit Lumbar Puncture Service Improves Efficiency and Delivers Significant Cost Savings.Mayo Clinic proceedings. Innovations, quality & outcomes · 2026Article
- Negative-Ion Mode MALDI-TOF MS Combined with Machine Learning for the Rapid Identification of Colistin-ResistantACS omega · 2026Article
- Impact of appropriate antimicrobial therapy on patient outcomes and antimicrobial use: a sub analysis of the DIANA Study Dataset.Intensive care medicine · 2026Article
- The gut-lung axis in ARDS: beyond microbial translocation.Respiratory research · 2026Review
- ASP-COMPLEX: redefining antimicrobial stewardship to improve outcomes in high-risk patients with severe infections.Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia · 2026Review
- Challenges and opportunities in the management of severe pneumonia. Key concepts from the Seventh Annual Meeting of Spanish Experts 2025.Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia · 2026Review
- Integrating Phenotypic and Genomic Data with Machine Learning to Predict Antimicrobial Resistance and Identify Genetic Biomarkers inInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Time to Initiation of Antibiotic Therapy in Critically Ill Patients with Suspected Sepsis and Its Effect on Intensive Care Unit Mortality: Analysis Using Bayesian Approach.Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine · 2026Article
- Association of antibiotic type and timing with sepsis mortality using target trial emulation.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Methicillin-ResistantMicroorganisms · 2026Review
- Bloodstream Infections Due to Carbapenemase-ProducingAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
34 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Severe or life threatening infections are common among patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Most infections in the ICU are bacterial or fungal in origin and require antimicrobial therapy for clinical resolution. Antibiotics are the cornerstone of therapy for infected critically ill patients. However, antibiotics are often not optimally administered resulting in less favorable patient outcomes including greater mortality. The timing of antibiotics in patients with life threatening infections including sepsis and septic shock is now recognized as one of the most important determinants of survival for this population. Individuals who have a delay in the administration of antibiotic therapy for serious infections can have a doubling or more in their mortality. Additionally, the timing of an appropriate antibiotic regimen, one that is active against the offending pathogens based on in vitro susceptibility, also influences survival. Thus not only is early empiric antibiotic administration important but the selection of those agents is crucial as well. The duration of antibiotic infusions, especially for β-lactams, can also influence antibiotic efficacy by increasing antimicrobial drug exposure for the offending pathogen. However, due to mounting antibiotic resistance, aggressive antimicrobial de-escalation based on microbiology results is necessary to counterbalance the pressures of early broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. In this review, we examine time related variables impacting antibiotic optimization as it relates to the treatment of life threatening infections in the ICU. In addition to highlighting the importance of antibiotic timing in the ICU we hope to provide an approach to antimicrobials that also minimizes the unnecessary use of these agents. Such approaches will increasingly be linked to advances in molecular microbiology testing and artificial intelligence/machine learning. Such advances should help identify patients needing empiric antibiotic therapy at an earlier time point as well as the specific antibiotics required in order to avoid unnecessary administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.