SynthesisBMC cancer2021
The relationship between dairy products intake and breast cancer incidence: a meta-analysis of observational studies.
Synthesis in BMC cancer, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between dairy intake and multiple health outcomes: a scoping review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Protein intake and cancer: an umbrella review of systematic reviews for the evidence-based guideline of the German Nutrition Society.European journal of nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- The association between breast cancer and consumption of dairy products: a systematic review.Annals of medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet reduces the risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Smartphone-Based Cancer and Obesity Prevention Education Program for Chinese Women (SCOPE): A Pilot RCT.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Trial
- Long-Term Dietary Changes and Mortality among Participants of a Whole Food Plant-Based Pilot Study for Metastatic Breast Cancer.Current developments in nutrition · 2026Article
- Breast Cancer in Relation to Dairy Product Consumption: A Review of Current Findings and Potential Mechanisms.Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- Nutritional Impact on Breast Cancer in Menopausal and Post-Menopausal Patients Treated with Aromatase Inhibitors.Cancers · 2025Review
- Review
- Association between a dietary index for gut microbiota and breast cancer history in adult women: findings from NHANES 2011-2020.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Skimmed milk intake reduces the risk of ER- breast cancer: a Mendelian randomization analysis.Discover oncology · 2024Article
- Diet and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Scoping Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Review
- Dairy consumption and liver cancer risk: A meta‑analysis of observational studies.Oncology letters · 2024Article
- Review
- Milk and dairy products - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023.Food & nutrition research · 2024Article
- Sex steroid hormone residues in milk and their potential risks for breast and prostate cancer.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Review
- Safety and aesthetic outcomes of double purse-string suture nipple reconstruction in early breast cancer patients undergoing nipple resection and endoscopic skin-sparing mastectomy with breast reconstruction.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Article
- Dairy product consumption and lung cancer risk: A prospective analysis.Clinical nutrition ESPEN · 2023Article
- The Role of Cow's Milk Consumption in Breast Cancer Initiation and Progression.Current nutrition reports · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe effect of dairy products intake on breast cancer (BC) is highly controversial. This study aims to investigate the relationship between dairy intake and BC incidence.
methodsA search was carried out in PubMed, EBSCO, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases before January 2021. The primary objective was the risk of BC and intake of dairy products were exposure variables.
resultsThe meta-analysis comprised 36 articles with 1,019,232 participants. Total dairy products have a protective effect on female population (hazard ratio (HR) =0.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) =0.91-0.99, p = 0.019), especially for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) (HR = 0.79, p = 0.002) and progesterone receptor-positive (PR+) BC (HR = 0.75, p = 0.027). For ER+/PR+ BC, there is a trend of protection, but it has not reached statistical significance (HR = 0.92, p = 0.075). Fermented dairy products can reduce BC risk in postmenopausal population (HR = 0.96, 95%CI = 0.93-0.99, p = 0.021), but have no protective effect on premenopausal population (HR = 0.98, 95%CI = 0.94-1.03, p = 0.52). Non-fermented dairy products have no significant effect on BC occurrence (p > 0.05). High-fat dairy products are harmful to women, without statistical difference (HR = 1.06, 95%CI = 1.00-1.13, p = 0.066). On the contrary, low-fat dairy products can protect the premenopausal population (HR = 0.94, 95%CI = 0.89-1.00, p = 0.048).
conclusionThe intake of dairy products can overall reduce BC risk in the female population, but different dairy products have varying effects on different BC subtypes and menopausal status.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.