ArticlePsychopharmacology2022
Cannabinoid tetrad effects of oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) in male and female rats: sex, dose-effects and time course evaluations.
Article in Psychopharmacology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- The monoterpenes ⍺-pinene and limonene augment or mitigate THC-induced impairments in sustained attention in rats.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Emerging cannabinoids differ in behavioral safety margins in mice: a comparative hazard proximity analysis of locomotor suppression and catalepsy-like immobility.Forensic toxicology · 2026Article
- Cannabidiol (CBD) modulates the serotonin-kynurenine metabolic balance in the brain of morphine-tolerant neuropathic rats.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2026Article
- In vivo evaluation of synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 derivatives as potential new psychoactive substances.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The SigmaPharmacological reports : PR · 2026Article
- Age-Related Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids on Brain and Behavior.Cannabis and cannabinoid research · 2026Review
- Cannabis and nicotine use are independently associated with adverse surgical, medical, and psychosocial outcomes following upper extremity fracture fixation.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2026Article
- THC induced similar physiological effects on HIV transgenic rats and their controls without affecting HIV-induced deficits in effortful motivation.Journal of cannabis research · 2026Article
- Roland R. Griffiths, psychopharmacology pioneer: Abuse liability, alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, benzodiazepines, and psychedelics.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2026Review
- Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol for Pain: Preclinical and Clinical Models.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2026Review
- Article
- Behavioral Decoding Reveals Cortical Endocannabinoid Potentiation during ΔbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Chronic inflammatory pain and chronic THC vapor inhalation alter midbrain neuronal activity.Journal of neurophysiology · 2025Article
- Orally consumed cannabinoids: the effect of carrier oil on acute tissue distribution in male C57BL/6 mice.Journal of cannabis research · 2025Article
- Phytocannabinoids restore seizure-induced alterations in emotional behaviour in male rats.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Effects of repeated voluntary oral consumption of synthetic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on locomotor activity and cannabinoid receptor 1 expression.Behavioural brain research · 2025Article
- Synergistic Pain-Reducing Effects ofPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- THC Vapor Inhalation Attenuates Hyperalgesia in Rats Using a Chronic Inflammatory Pain Model.The journal of pain · 2024Article
- Minor Cannabinoids as an Emerging Frontier for Pain Relief.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2024Article
- The Development of Cannabinoids as Therapeutic Agents in the United States.Pharmacological reviews · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
rationaleThe legalization of medicinal use of Cannabis sativa in most US states and the removal of hemp from the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) controlled substances act has resulted in a proliferation of products containing Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) for oral consumption (e.g., edibles, oils, and tinctures) that are being used for recreational and medicinal purposes.
objectiveThis study examined the effects of cannabinoids THC and CBD when administered orally on measures of pain sensitivity, body temperature, locomotor activity, and catalepsy (i.e., cannabinoid tetrad) in male and female Sprague Dawley rats.
methodsRats (N = 24, 6 per sex/drug group) were administered THC (1-20 mg/kg), CBD (3-30 mg/kg), or sesame oil via oral gavage. Thermal and mechanical pain sensitivity (tail flick assay, von Frey test), rectal measurements for body temperature, locomotor activity, and the bar-test of catalepsy were completed. A separate group of rats (N = 8/4 per sex) was administered morphine (5-20 mg/kg; intraperitoneal, IP) and evaluated for pain sensitivity as a positive control.
resultsWe observed classic tetrad effects of antinociception, hypothermia, hyper- and hypolocomotion, and catalepsy after oral administration of THC that were long lasting (> 7 h). CBD modestly increased mechanical pain sensitivity and produced sex-dependent effects on body temperature and locomotor activity.
conclusionsOral THC and CBD produced long lasting effects that differed in magnitude and time course when compared with other routes of administration. Examination of cannabinoid effects administered via different routes of administration, species, and in both males and females is critical to enhance translation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.