Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34651645›Full record

ReviewArchives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists2021

How Can Cognitive Reserve Promote Cognitive and Neurobehavioral Health?

Yaakov Stern

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
49citing papers in PubMed, 6 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

49 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  7. Article
  8. Article
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  10. Occupational autonomy and cognitive function: the moderating role of educational attainment.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2026
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  11. Review
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  15. Post-awakening cortisol and resilience: unravelling their impact on cognitive decline.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2025
    Article
  16. Observational
  17. APOE genotype and cognitive decline: educational context as a moderator of genetic risk.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025
    Article
  18. Article
  19. Cognitive Reserve and Cluster Analysis: New Pieces in the Puzzle of Cognitive Impairment after ICU?American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2025
    Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

1 author.

Yaakov SternCognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.

Funding

Imaging of Cognition, Learning and Memory in AgingR01AG026158 · NIA · COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI STERN, YAAKOV · 2004 to 2021
$10.9M
NIA NIH HHS R01 AG026158NIA NIH HHS R01 AG26158
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveThis review is aimed at understanding how cognitive reserve and related concepts contribute to promoting neurobehavioral and cognitive health, consistent with goal of the 2020 national academy of neuropsychology (NAN) Annual Meeting.Research indicates that lifestyle factors such as achieving educational and work milestones, participating in leisure and social activities and IQ are all associated with reduced risk of cognitive decline in normal aging and of developing dementia. Many of these lifestyle factors have also been associated with better cognition in other psychiatric and neurological conditions. The cognitive reserve hypothesis posits that these lifestyle factors result in individual differences in the flexibility and adaptability of brain networks that may allow some people to cope better than others with age- or dementia-related brain changes. Recent evidence also supports the idea that specific genetic and lifestyle factors may help preserve a healthy brain or enhance brain reserve, a process that has been called brain maintenance. The complementary concept of brain reserve posits that structural brain features can guard against dementia and related conditions. This review defines these theoretical concepts, their research basis, how they are studied and their clinical applications.

conclusionEvidence supports the concept of reserve, which can be influenced by experiences in every stage of life. Focused research in this area can maximize the chance for successful intervention.

Indexed as

Cognitive ReserveAgingBrainCognitionHumansNeuropsychological TestsDementiaElderly/Geriatrics/AgingNeuroimaging (functional)Neuroimaging (structural)

Identifiers

PMID34651645
PMCPMC8517622

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.