ArticleAdvanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)2021
Hydrogel-Based Slow Release of a Receptor-Binding Domain Subunit Vaccine Elicits Neutralizing Antibody Responses Against SARS-CoV-2.
Article in Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 103 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Early clonal dominance at priming sets the trajectory for broad HIV serum neutralization.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Mechanical Performance and Dye Adsorption of Lignin/Poly(ethylene glycol) Diglycidyl Ether/Sorbitol Polyglycidyl Ether Hydrogels.Polymers · 2026Article
- Enabling global access to potent subunit vaccines with a simple and scalable injectable hydrogel platform.Biomaterials science · 2026Article
- Subunit vaccination using Atomic Layering Thermostable Antigen and Adjuvant (ALTAFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- RNA vaccines in motion: A multidisciplinary exploration of design, delivery, and deployment.BioImpacts : BI · 2026Review
- Don't judge an implant by its cover: how the foreign body response and fibrotic capsule might be harnessed for good.npj biomedical innovations · 2026Review
- Construction of a localized immune nicheActa pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Article
- Development of a single-dose Q fever vaccine with an injectable nanoparticle-loaded hydrogel: effect of sustained co-delivery of antigen and adjuvant.Drug delivery · 2025Article
- Polymeric particle-based antigen delivery system: From immunological engineering to clinical translation.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2025Review
- Correlations Between Rheology, In Situ Mucosal Retention and In Vivo Immunogenicity Reveal the Potential and Limitations of Mucoadhesive Excipients for Sublingual Vaccine Delivery.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Novel Strategies for Developing Next-Generation Vaccines to Combat Infectious Viral Diseases.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Rational Development of a Novel Emulgel Adjuvant for Single-Shot Effective Vaccination: A Multivariate Analysis Approach.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025Article
- Osteopontin attenuates the foreign-body response to silicone implants.Nature biomedical engineering · 2025Article
- Immunoengineering: An Emerging Field in Infectious Diseases.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Review
- A biomimetic multi-component subunit vaccine via ratiometric loading of hierarchical hydrogels.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Reinforced Polymer-Nanoparticle Hydrogels for Subcutaneous and Sustained Delivery of Trastuzumab.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Sustained Vaccine Exposure Elicits More Rapid, Consistent, and Broad Humoral Immune Responses to Multivalent Influenza Vaccines.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Generation of an inflammatory niche in a hydrogel depot through recruitment of key immune cells improves efficacy of mRNA vaccines.Science advances · 2025Article
- Sustained exposure to multivalent antigen-decorated nanoparticles generates broad anti-coronavirus responses.Matter · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The development of effective vaccines that can be rapidly manufactured and distributed worldwide is necessary to mitigate the devastating health and economic impacts of pandemics like COVID-19. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which mediates host cell entry of the virus, is an appealing antigen for subunit vaccines because it is efficient to manufacture, highly stable, and a target for neutralizing antibodies. Unfortunately, RBD is poorly immunogenic. While most subunit vaccines are commonly formulated with adjuvants to enhance their immunogenicity, clinically-relevant adjuvants Alum, AddaVax, and CpG/Alum are found unable to elicit neutralizing responses following a prime-boost immunization. Here, it has been shown that sustained delivery of an RBD subunit vaccine comprising CpG/Alum adjuvant in an injectable polymer-nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogel elicited potent anti-RBD and anti-spike antibody titers, providing broader protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern compared to bolus administration of the same vaccine and vaccines comprising other clinically-relevant adjuvant systems. Notably, a SARS-CoV-2 spike-pseudotyped lentivirus neutralization assay revealed that hydrogel-based vaccines elicited potent neutralizing responses when bolus vaccines did not. Together, these results suggest that slow delivery of RBD subunit vaccines with PNP hydrogels can significantly enhance the immunogenicity of RBD and induce neutralizing humoral immunity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.