ArticleScientific reports2021
Spatio-temporal patterns of childhood pneumonia in Bhutan: a Bayesian analysis.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 7 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Urban environmental and climatic correlates of pediatric respiratory infection: microscale spatiotemporal evidence from Fuzhou, China.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Article
- Pneumonia incidence and determinants in South Punjab, Pakistan (2016-2020): a spatial epidemiological study at Tehsil-level.International journal of health geographics · 2025Article
- SPATIAL MODELING OF RISK FACTORS FOR UNDER-FIVE PNEUMONIA IN ROKAN HILIR DISTRICT, INDONESIA.African journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Spatial patterns and spatially-varying factors associated with childhood acute respiratory infection: data from Ethiopian demographic and health surveys (2005, 2011, and 2016).BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Identifying socio-ecological drivers of common cold in Bhutan: a national surveillance data analysis.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Aetiologies and Risk Factors of Prolonged Fever Admission in Samtse Hospital, Bhutan, 2020.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Pneumonia is one of the top 10 diseases by morbidity in Bhutan. This study aimed to investigate the spatial and temporal trends and risk factors of childhood pneumonia in Bhutan. A multivariable Zero-inflated Poisson regression model using a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation was undertaken to quantify associations of age, sex, altitude, rainfall, maximum temperature and relative humidity with monthly pneumonia incidence and to identify the underlying spatial structure of the data. Overall childhood pneumonia incidence was 143.57 and 10.01 per 1000 persons over 108 months of observation in children aged < 5 years and 5-14 years, respectively. Children < 5 years or male sex were more likely to develop pneumonia than those 5-14 years and females. Each 1 °C increase in maximum temperature was associated with a 1.3% (95% (credible interval [CrI] 1.27%, 1.4%) increase in pneumonia cases. Each 10% increase in relative humidity was associated with a 1.2% (95% CrI 1.1%, 1.4%) reduction in the incidence of pneumonia. Pneumonia decreased by 0.3% (CrI 0.26%, 0.34%) every month. There was no statistical spatial clustering after accounting for the covariates. Seasonality and spatial heterogeneity can partly be explained by the association of pneumonia risk to climatic factors including maximum temperature and relative humidity.
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