ReviewTranslational psychiatry2021
Neuroinflammation in schizophrenia: the role of nuclear factor kappa B.
Review in Translational psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07759895 (Combination Therapy of Deferiprone and N-Acetylcysteine for Treating Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia), which is not on this map. Cited by 64 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Combination Therapy of Deferiprone and N-Acetylcysteine for Treating Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 109 citations in OpenAlex.
- Monocytic TLR4 expression and activation in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- The impact of sex on gene expression in the brain of schizophrenic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of transcriptomic studies.Biology of sex differences · 2024Pooled it
- Applications of Mendelian randomization in psychiatry: a comprehensive systematic review.Psychiatric genetics · 2022Pooled it
- Serum TLR4, NF-κB, and NLRP3 Levels in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Case-Control Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The NLRP3 inflammasome: pathophysiology and therapeutic implications for schizophrenia and neuropsychiatric disorders.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- Special Issue: Does latent Toxoplasma infection mimic the immune profile of schizophrenia? Sex-specific cytokine and brain-marker alterations suggest partial overlap.Folia parasitologica · 2026Article
- Comprehensive analysis of interactions between brain aging and late-onset psychoses using heuristic mapping models.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- A bibliometric mapping of research on antimicrobial resistance and mental health.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2026Review
- Unlocking the Neuroprotective Potential ofAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Transcription Factors in the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Healthy lifestyle, metabolomic signature, and risk of late-onset schizophrenia: evidence from the prospective cohort.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- The Retinal Age Gap as a Marker of Accelerated Aging in the Early Course of Schizophrenia.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Neuroprotective effects of rutin, sodium selenite, and rutin-conjugated selenium nanoparticles in a social isolation model.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Neuroimaging endophenotypes reveal underlying mechanisms and genetic factors contributing to progression and development of four brain disorders.Nature biomedical engineering · 2025Article
- Reduced glymphatic clearance in early psychosis.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Blood‑brain barrier dysfunction in schizophrenia: Mechanisms and implications (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Comparing the Metabolic, Systemic, and Neuropsychiatric Impacts of Olanzapine and Clozapine in Patients with Schizophrenia.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Transplanted Cells, Transferred Minds: Can Transplanted Cells Influence Mental Illness?Cell and tissue biology · 2025Article
- Childhood insulin resistance and neural stem cell dysfunction in psychiatric disorders: Role ofWorld journal of stem cells · 2025Review
- Cardiovascular protein profiling in patients with first-episode psychosis.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, particularly in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, is well-established in a subset of people with schizophrenia, with significant increases in inflammatory markers including several cytokines. Yet the cause(s) of cortical inflammation in schizophrenia remains unknown. Clues as to potential microenvironmental triggers and/or intracellular deficits in immunoregulation may be gleaned from looking further upstream of effector immune molecules to transcription factors that control inflammatory gene expression. Here, we focus on the 'master immune regulator' nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and review evidence in support of NF-κB dysregulation causing or contributing to neuroinflammation in patients. We discuss the utility of 'immune biotyping' as a tool to analyse immune-related transcripts and proteins in patient tissue, and the insights into cortical NF-κB in schizophrenia revealed by immune biotyping compared to studies treating patients as a single, homogenous group. Though the ubiquitous nature of NF-κB presents several hurdles for drug development, targeting this key immunoregulator with novel or repurposed therapeutics in schizophrenia is a relatively underexplored area that could aid in reducing symptoms of patients with active neuroinflammation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.