ArticleJournal of affective disorders2022
Inflammation mediates depression and generalized anxiety symptoms predicting executive function impairment after 18 years.
Article in Journal of affective disorders, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mindfulness enhances cognitive functioning: a meta-analysis of 111 randomized controlled trials.Health psychology review · 2024Pooled it
- Longitudinal food insecurity patterns and cognitive performance among midlife Latina women: Findings from the CHAMACOS Maternal Cognition Study.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2026Article
- Cytokines and cognitive function in first-episode drug-naïve MDD: an inflammation panel perspective.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Article
- Actigraphy and subjective sleep predictors of nine-year generalized anxiety disorder.Journal of anxiety disorders · 2026Article
- Association between methylmalonic acid and prevalence of depression in US adults: evidence from NHANES 2011-2014.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2025Article
- The sleep-anxiety dysregulation model of alcohol use disorder risk: A nine-year longitudinal machine learning study.Journal of affective disorders · 2025Review
- Re-Examination of Inflammation in Major Depressive Disorder: Bridging Systemic and Neuroinflammatory Insights.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- The inflammation-depression link: How social networks buffer or exacerbate risk.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- The association between smartphone addiction and creativity in Chinese college students: the chain mediating effects of depression and executive function.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Sleep disturbances predict nine-year panic disorder chronicity: The sleep-panic nexus theory with machine learning insights.Journal of anxiety disorders · 2025Article
- Network Analysis of Health-related Behaviors, Insomnia, and Depression Among Urban Left-behind Adolescents in China.Child psychiatry and human development · 2025Article
- How Are Physical Activity and Mindfulness Associated with Psychological Symptoms Among Chinese University Students: The Independent and Joint Role.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Chronic inflammation is associated with worsening working memory performance: Preliminary evidence from a diverse, longitudinal cohort of adolescents and young adults.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2024Article
- Which client with generalized anxiety disorder benefits from a mindfulness ecological momentary intervention versus a self-monitoring app? Developing a multivariable machine learning predictive model.Journal of anxiety disorders · 2024Article
- Anxiety and depression among patients with familial Mediterranean fever.Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie · 2024Article
- Depressive Symptoms and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Cross-Lagged Network Analysis.Depression and anxiety · 2024Article
- Elevated Anxious and Depressed Mood Relates to Future Executive Dysfunction in Older Adults: A Longitudinal Network Analysis of Psychopathology and Cognitive Functioning.Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2023Article
- Effect of Social Media Addiction on Executive Functioning Among Young Adults: The Mediating Roles of Emotional Disturbance and Sleep Quality.Psychology research and behavior management · 2023Article
- Executive Functioning Constructs in Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, Post-Traumatic Stress, and Related Disorders.Current psychiatry reports · 2022Review
- Why Sleep is Key: Poor Sleep Quality is a Mechanism for the Bidirectional Relationship between Major Depressive Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Across 18 Years.Journal of anxiety disorders · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionScar theories propose that elevated depression and anxiety can predispose people to future decreased executive function (EF) via heightened inflammation across decades. However, more longitudinal (versus cross-sectional) research on this topic is needed.
objectiveWe thus investigated if increased major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and panic disorder (PD) severity predicted EF decrement 18 years later via heightened inflammation.
methodCommunity-dwelling adults participated in this study. Time 1 (T1) MDD, GAD, and PD severity (Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form), T2 inflammation (interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen blood levels concentration), and T2 and T3 EF (Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone) were measured. The waves of assessment were spaced approximately 9 years apart. Structural equation modeling was conducted.
resultsHigher T1 MDD and GAD (but not PD) severity forecasted elevated T2 inflammation (Cohen's d = 0.116-0.758). Greater T2 inflammation level predicted lower T3 EF following 9 years (d = -0.782--0.636). The T1 MDD-T3 EF and T1 GAD-T3 EF negative associations were mediated by T2 inflammation, and explained 38% and 19% of the relations, respectively. Direct effects of higher T1 GAD and MDD predicting lower T3 EF were also observed (d = -0.585--0.560). Significant effects remained after controlling for socio-demographic, lifestyle, medication use, various illness variables across time, and T2 EF.
conclusionsInflammation may be a mechanism explaining the T1 MDD-T3 EF and T1 GAD-T3 EF relations. Treatments that target inflammation, worry, and/or depression may prevent future EF decline.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.