ReviewFood science & nutrition2021
Smoking behavior and circulating vitamin D levels in adults: A meta-analysis.
Review in Food science & nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Investigating the Inflammatory Link Between Vitamin D and Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Systematic Review and Causal Inference Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Exploiting meta-analysis of genome-wide interaction with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D to identify novel genetic loci associated with pulmonary function.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on IVF Outcomes in Vitamin D-Deficient Poor Responders: a Randomized Controlled Trial.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2026Trial
- Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D response to vitamin D supplementation using different lipid delivery systems in middle-aged and older adults: a randomised controlled trial.The British journal of nutrition · 2023Trial
- Vitamin D: Physiology, Pharmacology and Clinical Evidence for Supplementation-A Narrative Review.Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology · 2026Review
- Prevalence, predictors, and clinical impact of vitamin D deficiency on 12-month outcomes in hip fracture patients.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Article
- Article
- Vitamin D deficiency and associated factors among cardiology patients in Nouakchott, Mauritania: A cross-sectional study using modified Poisson regression.American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice · 2026Article
- Timing over Dose: Maternal Vitamin D, Periconceptional Window, and Early-Life Respiratory Programming.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Effect of smoking on vitamin D status in the adults of Henan, China: the role of HDL-C and LDL-C.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Update on Vitamin D Status and Seasonal Variation in a Non-Supplemented Population Living in a High Polluted Urban Area-A Cross-Sectional Study.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Effects of vitamin D supplementation combined with resistance exercise on body composition and metabolic variables in older women: a randomized clinical trial.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Article
- Comparison of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels between patients with multiple chemical sensitivity and healthy controls: A case-control study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Vitamin D Serum Status and Associated Factors Among Women with Cervical Lesions.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A Hitchhiker Story? Exploring HDL as an Overlooked Vitamin D Carrier.Current developments in nutrition · 2025Article
- Bio-Functional Nanomaterials for Enhanced Lung Cancer Therapy: The Synergistic Roles of Vitamins D and K.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2025Review
- Low Vitamin D and High Psychological Distress: Are They Associated with Poor Differentiation in Head and Neck Cancer?Clinics and practice · 2025Article
- Article
- High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients Undergoing Total Shoulder or Elbow Arthroplasty.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Arterial Stiffness and Early Cardiac Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Potential Role for 25 OH Vitamin D3 Deficiency.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
To determine the effect of smoking on circulating vitamin D in adults, we performed a meta-analysis. Literature before 9 May 2021 was retrieved from electronic literature databases such as EMBASE, PubMed, and Cochrane. The quality of the included studies was assessed by two researchers against the Newcastle-Ottawa scale and JBI Evidence-based Health Care Centre criteria. All eligible studies and statistical analyses were performed using STATA 14. Twenty-four studies with 11,340 participants meeting the criteria were included in the meta-analysis. The results of meta-analysis showed that the level of circulating 25(OH)D in smokers was lower than that in nonsmokers. A subgroup analysis based on vitamin D supplement use showed that both smokers who used vitamin D supplements and smokers who did not use vitamin D supplements had lower blood 25(OH)D levels compared with the control group. In addition, subjects were divided into different subgroups according to age for meta-analysis, and the results showed that the serum 25(OH)D level in each subgroup of smokers was lower than that in the control group. This meta-analysis revealed differences in circulating vitamin D levels between smokers and nonsmokers, with smokers likely to have lower circulating vitamin D levels.
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