ArticleCell2021
Cyclic CMP and cyclic UMP mediate bacterial immunity against phages.
Article in Cell, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 151 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
151 citing papers in PubMed, 272 citations in OpenAlex.
- How bacterial immune systems sense phage infection.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Cyclic tri-adenylate controls a CARF-TM effector in type II Panoptes anti-phage systems.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Phage hijacks host phosphorothioate DNA modification machinery to circumvent bacterial Ssp defences.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Review
- A Leap Forward in Vaccination - the Epigenetic Silencing of HIV by cVacc.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2026Review
- dITP-induced remodeling activates the filamentous effector complex in Kongming anti-phage defense.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Bacteriophages hijack 2',3'-cNMPs to enhance transposase-mediated phage DNA integration inScience advances · 2026Article
- Functional diversity of phage sponge proteins that sequester host immune signals.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Characterization of defensome genes and mobile genetic Elements in different types of pasture soil agroecosystems from the Brazilian Amazon.International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology · 2026Article
- Discovery of Small-Molecule Inhibitors of the Pycsar Antiphage Defense.ACS chemical biology · 2026Article
- TIR-like NADases act in bacterial immunity and the RNA vault.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Article
- A phage-encoded sponge protein suppresses bacterial TIR-Caspase immune signaling.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Bacterial 2',3'-cGAMP activates a SAVED effector to form membrane-disrupting filaments and restrict phage replication.Cell host & microbe · 2026Article
- Systematic discovery of bacterial anti-phage systems through a protein domain-centric strategy.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Periplasmic gatekeeping of phage DNA entry by an rSAM enzyme matured effector with HxS repeats.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Modulation of Hachiman defence by a type II toxin-antitoxin system via balancing trade-off between the fitness cost and antiphage activity.Engineering microbiology · 2026Article
- Bacterial defense mechanisms against bacteriophages: an evolutionary arms race.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Chemical inhibition of a bacterial immune system.Cell host & microbe · 2026Article
91 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The cyclic pyrimidines 3',5'-cyclic cytidine monophosphate (cCMP) and 3',5'-cyclic uridine monophosphate (cUMP) have been reported in multiple organisms and cell types. As opposed to the cyclic nucleotides 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which are second messenger molecules with well-established regulatory roles across all domains of life, the biological role of cyclic pyrimidines has remained unclear. Here we report that cCMP and cUMP are second messengers functioning in bacterial immunity against viruses. We discovered a family of bacterial pyrimidine cyclase enzymes that specifically synthesize cCMP and cUMP following phage infection and demonstrate that these molecules activate immune effectors that execute an antiviral response. A crystal structure of a uridylate cyclase enzyme from this family explains the molecular mechanism of selectivity for pyrimidines as cyclization substrates. Defense systems encoding pyrimidine cyclases, denoted here Pycsar (pyrimidine cyclase system for antiphage resistance), are widespread in prokaryotes. Our results assign clear biological function to cCMP and cUMP as immunity signaling molecules in bacteria.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.