Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34644152›Full record

ArticleDento maxillo facial radiology2022

Deep learning for automated detection and numbering of permanent teeth on panoramic images.

Mohamed Estai, Marc Tennant, Dieter Gebauer, Andrew Brostek, Janardhan Vignarajan, Maryam Mehdizadeh, Sajib Saha

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Dento maxillo facial radiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
43citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

43 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  19. Determination of Kennedy's classification in panoramic X-rays by automated tooth labeling.International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Mohamed EstaiThe Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, Floreat, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-7109-0267
Marc TennantSchool of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
Dieter GebauerSchool of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
Andrew BrostekThe UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
Janardhan VignarajanThe Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, Floreat, Australia.
Maryam MehdizadehThe Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, Floreat, Australia.
Sajib SahaThe Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, Floreat, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveThis study aimed to evaluate an automated detection system to detect and classify permanent teeth on orthopantomogram (OPG) images using convolutional neural networks (CNNs).

methodsIn total, 591 digital OPGs were collected from patients older than 18 years. Three qualified dentists performed individual teeth labelling on images to generate the ground truth annotations. A three-step procedure, relying upon CNNs, was proposed for automated detection and classification of teeth. Firstly, U-Net, a type of CNN, performed preliminary segmentation of tooth regions or detecting regions of interest (ROIs) on panoramic images. Secondly, the Faster R-CNN, an advanced object detection architecture, identified each tooth within the ROI determined by the U-Net. Thirdly, VGG-16 architecture classified each tooth into 32 categories, and a tooth number was assigned. A total of 17,135 teeth cropped from 591 radiographs were used to train and validate the tooth detection and tooth numbering modules. 90% of OPG images were used for training, and the remaining 10% were used for validation. 10-folds cross-validation was performed for measuring the performance. The intersection over union (IoU), F1 score, precision, and recall (

resultsThe ROI detection module had an IoU of 0.70. The tooth detection module achieved a recall of 0.99 and a precision of 0.99. The tooth numbering module had a recall, precision and F1 score of 0.98.

conclusionThe resultant automated method achieved high performance for automated tooth detection and numbering from OPG images. Deep learning can be helpful in the automatic filing of dental charts in general dentistry and forensic medicine.

Indexed as

Deep LearningToothHumansNeural Networks, ComputerRadiographyRadiography, Panoramicartificial intelligencecomputer-aided diagnosisdeep learningDental imagingimage processingtooth numbering

Identifiers

PMID34644152
PMCPMC8802702

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.