ArticleScientific reports2021
The risk and protective factors of heightened prenatal anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 lockdown.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association of COVID-19 lockdowns with adverse birth and pregnancy outcomes in 28 high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nature human behaviour · 2025Pooled it
- Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on maternal psychological status, the couple's relationship and mother-child interaction: a prospective study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Trial
- Pregnant women's experiences during a public health emergency: A cross-sectional analysis of the COVID-19 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System COVID-19 supplement.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- COVID-19 and Global Perinatal Health: Lessons Learned on Maternal-Neonatal Outcomes, Infant Feeding Practices, and Health Care Economics across Income Settings.American journal of perinatology · 2026Article
- Association between maternal and neonatal outcomes and psychosocial risk levels in pregnant women: a convergent parallel mixed methods study protocol.Reproductive health · 2026Article
- Depressive symptoms hopelessness self-efficacy and COVID-19-related stressors among pregnant women in Hungary across two pandemic waves.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Policy Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic in High-Income Countries and the Associated Maternal-Infant Health Outcomes: A Systematic Literature and Policy Review.Health science reports · 2026Review
- The impact of relationship factors on antenatal depression in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) · 2025Article
- Depression in the time of COVID-19: Examination of prenatal and postpartum depression, rurality, and the impact of COVID-19.Journal of affective disorders · 2025Article
- High Risk of Anxiety and Depression in Women With Different Types of Pregnancy Complications in France: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of pregnancy · 2025Article
- Pregnancy during COVID 19 pandemic associated with differential gut microbiome composition as compared to pre-pandemic.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Impacts of COVID-19 on mothers' and newborns' health outcomes in regional Canada: A cross-sectional analysis.Heliyon · 2024Article
- GESTACOVID Project: Psychological and Perinatal Effects in Spanish Pregnant Women Subjected to Strict Confinement Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Evolution during De-Escalation.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Postpartum experiences among individuals with suspected and confirmed prenatal generalized anxiety disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic: Implications for help-seeking.Psychiatry research · 2023Article
- Postpartum maternal anxiety and depression during COVID-19 pandemic: Rates, risk factors and relations with maternal bonding.Neuropsychiatrie de l'enfance et de l'adolescence · 2023Article
- Prenatal hair cortisol concentrations during the COVID-19 outbreak: Associations with maternal psychological stress and infant temperament.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2022Article
- Anxiety among Pregnant Women Attending Obstetrics Unit of a Tertiary Care Centre during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association · 2022Article
- The Impact of Maternal Prenatal Stress Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic during the First 1000 Days: A Historical Perspective.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Review
- Parents of young infants report poor mental health and more insensitive parenting during the first Covid-19 lockdown.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Article
- Perinatal Anxiety among Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic-A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
While pregnant women are already at-risk for developing symptoms of anxiety and depression, this is heightened during the COVID-19 pandemic. We compared anxiety and depression symptoms, as indicators of psychological distress, before and during COVID-19, and investigated the role of partner, social network and healthcare support on COVID-19-related worries and consequently on psychological distress. A national survey, conducted during the first lockdown in The Netherlands, assessed COVID-19 experiences and psychological distress (N = 1421), whereas a comparison sample (N = 1439) was screened for psychological distress in 2017-2018. During COVID-19, the percentage of mothers scoring above the questionnaires' clinical cut-offs doubled for depression (6% and 12%) and anxiety (24% and 52%). Women reported increased partner support during COVID-19, compared to pre-pandemic, but decreased social and healthcare support. Higher support resulted in lower COVID-19-related worries, which in turn contributed to less psychological distress. Results suggest that a global pandemic exerts a heavy toll on pregnant women's mental health. Psychological distress was substantially higher during the pandemic than the pre-pandemic years. We identified a protective role of partner, social, and healthcare support, with important implications for the current and future crisis management. Whether increased psychological distress is transient or persistent, and whether and how it affects the future generation remains to be determined.
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