ArticleAmerican journal of preventive medicine2022
Longitudinal Analysis of Food Insufficiency and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in the CARDIA study.
Article in American journal of preventive medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of Social Determinants of Health on Hypertension Outcomes: A Systematic Review.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2024Pooled it
- Food Insecurity Interventions to Improve Blood Pressure: The Healthy Food First Factorial Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA internal medicine · 2025Trial
- Development of a statewide network hub for screening, referral, and enrollment into food as medicine programs across Kentucky.Frontiers in public health · 2024Trial
- Health-Related Social Needs and Cardiovascular Disease.Current cardiology reports · 2026Review
- Feasibility study of a screening decision tool for allocating adults into food is medicine programs as an effective approach to target clinical and dietary outcomes among rural and urban adults.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Food insecurity, obesity, and lifestyle in Spanish food aid recipients.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Associations between low food security and subjective memory complaints among Latino adults.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Development of an older adult Nutrition Equity Index (NEI) and association with the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) in older Black and White U.S. adults.The journal of nutrition, health & aging · 2024Article
- Diet and Food and Nutrition Insecurity and Cardiometabolic Disease.Circulation research · 2023Review
- Food Knowledge for Better Nutrition and Health: A Study among University Students in Portugal.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 9 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionMost previous studies on food insecurity and cardiovascular disease risk factors are cross-sectional. Without longitudinal data, it is unclear whether food insecurity precedes poor health and how exposure timing impacts these relationships.
methodsData from 2000 to 2001, 2005 to 2006, and 2010 to 2011 of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study were used. Food insufficiency-a screener measure related to food insecurity-was assessed in 2000-2001 and 2005-2006 using a single item. Cardiovascular disease risk factors were objectively assessed in 2010-2011. Impacts of food insufficiency patterns (food sufficient, food insufficient in 2000-2001 only, food insufficient in 2005-2006 only, food insufficient in both 2000-2001 and 2005-2006) on cardiovascular disease risk factors were estimated using inverse probability weighting of marginal structural models. Covariates that change over time were adjusted for using stabilized weights; baseline covariates were adjusted for in the marginal structural models. Analyses were conducted in 2020-2021.
resultsThe baseline sample included 2,596 participants (56% women, 47% White). In unadjusted analyses, all food insufficiency patterns were associated with higher BMI, waist circumference, and blood pressure than food sufficiency. After accounting for covariates, estimates were attenuated but still consistent with adverse effects of food insufficiency, particularly among women.
conclusionsAfter covariate adjustment, food insufficiency was associated with several cardiovascular disease risk factors. Findings from this study should be replicated in other settings and populations. If verified, this evidence could provide justification for intervening in food insecurity to reduce future cardiovascular disease risk.
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