ArticleBMC psychiatry2021
Measuring disparities in police use of force and injury among persons with serious mental illness.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Virginia's inpatient mental healthcare geography post SB260.Health policy OPEN · 2026Article
- Structural interventions and policing in the United States: a scoping review of public health literature.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Mental and behavioral health characteristics among individuals injuriously shot by police in the United States.Journal of mental health (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Arrest discretion and training needs for interacting with people with substance use disorders: a qualitative secondary analysis among police recruits in Washington State.Health & justice · 2026Article
- Intersecting harms: A structural perspective on firearm suicide among black and Latino youth in the United States.Global mental health (Cambridge, England) · 2026Review
- The Role of Mental Health, Recent Trauma, and Suicidal Behavior in Officer-Involved Shootings: A Public Health Perspective.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Social-ecological barriers and facilitators to seeking inpatient psychiatric care among transgender and nonbinary people: A qualitative descriptive study.Journal of advanced nursing · 2025Article
- Characterizing Crisis Services Offered by Certified Community Behavioral Health Clinics: Results From a National Survey.Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Article
- Who you gonna call? Examining police reports involving people with psychosis to improve front line management.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Analyzing Alternative Behavioral Crisis Response Models in the U.S.Journal of community health · 2024Review
- Disparities in Pharmacologic Restraint for Children Hospitalized in Mental Health Crisis.Pediatrics · 2024Article
- Risk and Contextual Factors Associated with Legal Intervention Injury and Hospital Outcomes Among Trauma Patients in Pennsylvania.Psychology, crime & law : PC & L · 2023Article
- Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) training and impact on mental illness and substance use-related stigma among law enforcement.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2022Article
- Reimagining public safety: Public opinion on police reform and gun violence prevention by race and gun ownership in the United States.Preventive medicine · 2022Article
- Promoting Mental Health and Criminal Justice Collaboration Through System-Level Partnerships.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo measure disparities in experience of police use of force and injury among persons with serious mental illnesses.
methodsWe gathered novel police use of force and suspect injury data from 2011 to 2017 from a nonrandom sample of nine police departments in the United States and used synthetic methods to estimate the share of the local population with serious mental illness. We estimate disparities using multi-level models estimated in a Bayesian framework.
resultsPersons with serious mental illness constitute 17.0% of use of force cases (SD = 5.8) and 20.2% of suspects injured in police interaction (SD = 9.0) in sample cities. The risk that persons with serious mental illness will experience police use of force is 11.6 times higher (95% CI, 10.7-12.6) than persons without serious mental illness. Persons with serious mental illness are also at a higher risk of experiencing injury, 10.7 times (95% CI, 9.6-11.8), relative to persons without serious mental illness. These relative risk ratios are several times larger than racial and ethnic disparities estimated in the same cities.
conclusionPersons with serious mental are at a significantly elevated risk of experiencing police use of force and injury in police encounters than the general public. The disparities we estimate are several times higher than racial/ethnic disparities in force and injury. Efforts to reform police practices and reimagine public safety in the United States should address significant disparities in police use of force against those with serious mental illness.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.