ArticleJournal of clinical medicine2021
Endovascular Treatment of Chronic Subdural Hematomas through Embolization: A Pilot Study with a Non-Adhesive Liquid Embolic Agent of Minimal Viscosity (Squid).
Article in Journal of clinical medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Liquid embolic agents for middle meningeal artery embolization in chronic subdural hematoma: Institutional experience with systematic review and meta-analysis.Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences · 2026Pooled it
- Embolic Agents for Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization in Chronic Subdural Hematoma: a Systematic Review and Comparative Pooled Analysis.Clinical neuroradiology · 2026Pooled it
- Comparative analysis of Onyx, squid, and n-BCA in middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Neuroradiology · 2025Pooled it
- Middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Temporal Pattern of Radiological Resolution in Chronic Subdural Hematoma After Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization: A Prospective 2-Center Study.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026Article
- Tantalum-Based Nanomaterials: From Properties to Biomedical Applications.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Review
- Review
- Penetration of Non-Adhesive Gel-like Embolic Materials During Dural Vessels Embolization According to Characteristics of Tantalum Powder.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2024Article
- AI-Based Approach to One-Click Chronic Subdural Hematoma Segmentation Using Computed Tomography Images.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization for Chronic Subdural Hematoma: A Review of Established and Emerging Embolic Agents.Stroke (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2024Review
- The Advantages of Non-Adhesive Gel-like Embolic Materials in the Endovascular Treatment of Benign Hypervascularized Lesions of the Head and Neck.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Angiogenetic Factors in Chronic Subdural Hematoma Development.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Safety and radiologic clearance of chronic subdural hematoma after endovascular embolization using SQUID 18 in patients older than 80 years.Journal of neurosciences in rural practiceArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveEndovascular embolization using non-adhesive agents (e.g., ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer with suspended micronized tantalum dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide; Squid, Balt Extrusion) is an established treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations, dural arteriovenous fistulas, and hypervascular neoplasms. Middle meningeal artery (MMA) embolization is a relatively new concept for treating chronic subdural hematomas (CSDH). This study aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the use of Squid in the endovascular treatment of CSDH.
methodsEmbolization was offered to patients with CSDH with minimal or moderate neurological deficits and patients who had previously undergone open surgery to evacuate their CSDH without a significant effect. Distal catheterization of the MMA was followed by embolization of the hematoma capsule with Squid 12 or Squid 18. Safety endpoints were ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke and any other adverse event of the endovascular procedure. Efficacy endpoints were the feasibility of the intended procedure and a ≥ 50% reduction of the maximum depth of the CSDH confirmed by follow-up computed tomography (CT) after >3 months.
resultsBetween November 2019 and July 2021, 10 patients (3 female and 7 male, age range 42-89 years) were enrolled. Five patients had bilateral hematomas, and five patients had previously been operated on with no significant effect and recurrent hematoma formation. The attempted embolization was technically possible in all patients. No technical or clinical complication was encountered. During a post-procedural follow-up (median 90 days), 10 patients improved clinically. A complete resolution of the CSDH was observed in 10 patients. The clinical condition of all enrolled patients during the so-far last contact was rated mRS 0 or 1.
conclusionA distal catheterization of the MMA for the endovascular embolization of CSDH with Squid allowed for the devascularization of the MMA and the dependent vessels of the hematoma capsule. This procedure resulted in a partial or complete resolution of the CSDH. Procedural complications were not encountered.
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