ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
The Lung Microbiome during Health and Disease.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 110 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
110 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Composition and diversity of the pulmonary microbiome in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review.Critical care (London, England) · 2025Pooled it
- The respiratory microbiota alpha-diversity in chronic lung diseases: first systematic review and meta-analysis.Respiratory research · 2022Pooled it
- The potential role of the lung-brain axis in the pathophysiology of epilepsy: A hypothesis-driven perspective.Genes & diseases · 2026Review
- Establishment of anmSystems · 2026Article
- Article
- The Effects of Smoking on Respiratory Microbiota Diversity and Composition: A Systematic Review with Exploratory Meta-Analysis.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- The Gut-Lung Microbiome Axis in Alveolar Stem Cell Regeneration and Lung Repair.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Metabolic set theory: a generalized model of microbial interactions.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2026Article
- The lung-brain axis in neurodegeneration: inflammatory, immune, and vascular mechanisms with therapeutic implications.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Comparative analysis of the sputum microbiota in different COPD clinical states.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Lung Microbiome Diversity, Infection Dynamics, and Microbe-Mediated Cross-Protection.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Review
- Relationship between airway stents and airway microorganisms: a literature review.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Review
- Lung microbiome predictors of epigenetic aging and potential associations with smoking and electronic cigarette use.Clinical epigenetics · 2026Article
- Metagenomics reveals pathogenic diversity and temporal dynamics in severe pneumonia among patients in adult intensive care unit.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Review
- Microbiota and Microbiome.Progress in molecular and subcellular biology · 2026Review
- Gut-Lung Axis Microbiome Dysbiosis and Cross-Domain Network Analysis in Bronchiectasis Complicated by Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Article
- Progressive microbial alterations in the human gut and lung across early life: implications for translational medicine.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- The lung microbiome and asthma: from inflammatory phenotype differentiation to microbe-based immunomodulatory strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Advances in the Gut-Lung Axis and Bronchial Asthma: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Potential.Clinical and translational allergy · 2025Review
50 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Healthy human lungs have traditionally been considered to be a sterile organ. However, culture-independent molecular techniques have reported that large numbers of microbes coexist in the lung and airways. The lungs harbor diverse microbial composition that are undetected by previous approaches. Many studies have found significant differences in microbial composition between during health and respiratory disease. The lung microbiome is likely to not only influence susceptibility or causes of diseases but be affected by disease activities or responses to treatment. Although lung microbiome research has some limitations from study design to reporting, it can add further dimensionality to host-microbe interactions. Moreover, there is a possibility that extending understanding to the lung microbiome with new multiple omics approaches would be useful for developing both diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for respiratory diseases in clinical settings.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.