ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Diffuse Axonal Injury: Clinical Prognostic Factors, Molecular Experimental Models and the Impact of the Trauma Related Oxidative Stress. An Extensive Review Concerning Milestones and Advances.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Glymphatic System a Window on TBI Pathophysiology: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Shaken Adult Syndrome: Defining a New Traumatic Entity with an Evidence-Based Approach.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Potential Biomarkers for Diffuse Axonal Injury Article Category: Original Work.Neurocritical care · 2025Article
- The subtype matters: unraveling the clinical impact of TBI variants among patients with isolated blunt head injury and skull fractures.Emergency radiology · 2025Article
- Blink reflex as a prognostic indicator for patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness: a prospective case-control study.BMJ open · 2025Article
- The Relationship Between Inflammation and the Development of Cerebral Ischaemia and Hypoxia in Traumatic Brain Injury-A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Integrative Diagnostic and Prognostic Paradigms in Diffuse Axonal Injury: Insights from Clinical, Histopathological, Biomolecular, Radiological, and AI-Based Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Expression of RIPK-1 and S-100B in traumatic brain injury- exploring a forensic cases series.International journal of legal medicine · 2025Article
- Comparison of background characteristics and neuropathology findings between medico-legal autopsy cases with traumatic axonal injury, vascular axonal injury, or absence of axonal injury in β-amyloid precursor protein stain.International journal of legal medicine · 2025Article
- Inpatient outcomes in pediatric diffuse axonal injury: high mortality in severe TBI and limited impact of Grade III DAI.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2025Article
- Dynamic changes in neuron-specific enolase level to glasgow coma scale score ratio predict long-term neurological function of diffuse axonal injury patients.BMC neurology · 2025Observational
- Blood Pressure Variability and Outcome Predictors for Traumatic Brain Injury Patients with Diffuse Axonal Injury: A Retrospective Cohort Study.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Role of damage-associated molecular patterns in the pathogenesis and therapeutics of traumatic brain injury.Burns & trauma · 2025Review
- Metabolic pathway dysregulation in diffuse axonal injury: a multimodal biomarker approach for early diagnosis and mechanistic insights.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Association of ethylene oxide exposure with serum neurofilament light chain levels among American adults.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Advances and Challenges in Traumatic Brain Injury from a Forensic Perspective.Current neuropharmacology · 2025Review
- Genes in Axonal Regeneration.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Review
- Analysis of miRNA Expression Profiles in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and Their Correlation with Survival and Severity of Injury.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- NHE1 Protein in Repetitive Mild TBI-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Neurological Function Impairment.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Identification of an Intravenous Injectable NK1 Receptor Antagonist for Use in Traumatic Brain Injury.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a condition burdened by an extremely high rate of morbidity and mortality and can result in an overall disability rate as high as 50% in affected individuals. Therefore, the importance of identifying clinical prognostic factors for diffuse axonal injury (DAI) in (TBI) is commonly recognized as critical. The aim of the present review paper is to evaluate the most recent contributions from the relevant literature in order to understand how each single prognostic factor determinates the severity of the clinical syndrome associated with DAI. The main clinical factors with an important impact on prognosis in case of DAI are glycemia, early GCS, the peripheral oxygen saturation, blood pressure, and time to recover consciousness. In addition, the severity of the lesion, classified on the ground of the cerebral anatomical structures involved after the trauma, has a strong correlation with survival after DAI. In conclusion, modern findings concerning the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress in DAI suggest that biomarkers such as GFAP, pNF-H, NF-L, microtubule associated protein tau, Aβ42, S-100β, NSE, AQP4, Drp-1, and NCX represent a possible critical target for future pharmaceutical treatments to prevent the damages caused by DAI.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.