ArticleCancers2021
Evaluation of Comprehensive Gene Expression and NK Cell-Mediated Killing in Glioblastoma Cell Line-Derived Spheroids.
Article in Cancers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Podocalyxin may be down-regulated by progesterone in high grade serous ovarian cancer spheroids to increase responsiveness to carboplatin and NK cells.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Glioblastoma-natural killer cell crosstalk: insights from dynamic spheroid models reveal the importance of secreted cytokines and the CD155 axis.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Podocalyxin protects high grade serous ovarian cancer spheroids from NK cell infiltration and spheroid destruction.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- New frontiers in anti-cancer drug testing: The need for a relevant In vitro testing model.NAM journal · 2025Review
- Review
- Characterization of HIF-1α Knockout Primary Human Natural Killer Cells Including Populations in Allogeneic Glioblastoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Antitumor Effects of Intravenous Natural Killer Cell Infusion in an Orthotopic Glioblastoma Xenograft Murine Model and Gene Expression Profile Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- NK cell-based tumor immunotherapy.Bioactive materials · 2024Review
- An efficient feeder-free and chemically-defined expansion strategy for highly purified natural killer cells derived from human cord blood.Regenerative therapy · 2023Article
- Advanced 3D Models of Human Brain Tissue Using Neural Cell Lines: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects.Cells · 2023Review
- Review
- Expression level comparison of marker genes related to early embryonic development and tumor growth.Oncology letters · 2022Article
- Establishment of an efficient ex vivo expansion strategy for human natural killer cells stimulated by defined cytokine cocktail and antibodies against natural killer cell activating receptors.Regenerative therapy · 2022Article
- The War Is on: The Immune System against Glioblastoma-How Can NK Cells Drive This Battle?Biomedicines · 2022Review
- A multi-organ-on-chip to recapitulate the infiltration and the cytotoxic activity of circulating NK cells in 3D matrix-based tumor model.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2022Article
- Underlying mechanisms of evasion from NK cells as rationale for improvement of NK cell-based immunotherapies.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor, with a dismal prognosis. Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes with natural cytotoxicity against tumor cells, and they should be established for the novel treatment of patients with GBM. We previously reported highly activated, and ex vivo-expanded NK cells derived from human peripheral blood, designated genuine induced NK cells (GiNK), which were induced by specific culture conditions and which exerted a cytotoxic effect on GBM cells via apoptosis. Here, we comprehensively summarize the molecular characteristics, especially focusing on the expression of stem cell markers, extracellular matrix markers, chemokines, chemokine receptors, and NK receptor ligands of spheroids derived from GBM cell lines as compared with that of two-dimensional (2D) adherent GBM cells via microarray. The spheroid had upregulated gene expression of stem cell markers, extracellular matrix markers, chemokines, chemokine receptors, and NK cell inhibitory receptor ligands compared with the 2D adherent GBM cells. Preclinical evaluation of the NK cells was performed via an ex vivo 3D spheroid model derived from GBM cell lines. In the model, the NK cells accumulated and infiltrated around the spheroids and induced GBM cell death. Flow cytometry-based apoptosis detection clearly showed that the NK cells induced GBM cell death via apoptosis. Our findings could provide pivotal information for NK cell-based immunotherapy for patients with GBM.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.