ReviewCancers2021
Overcoming Immune Resistance in Prostate Cancer: Challenges and Advances.
Review in Cancers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Targeting regulatory T cells in the prostate cancer microenvironment: From mechanisms to therapeutics (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2026Review
- CTLA-4: a promising immunosuppressive immune checkpoint in prostate cancer therapy.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- Combined prostate cancer vaccine plus immune checkpoint inhibition synergizes to eliminate prostate cancer.iScience · 2026Article
- Multi-omics genetic study revealing ferroptosis regulator CTSB driving prostate cancer progression by modulating the immune microenvironment.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Tumor microenvironment-mediated immune evasion and resistance in prostate cancer: mechanisms, cross-talk, and therapeutic opportunities.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Leveraging Synergy: A Review of the Therapeutic Potential of SN-38 and Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Breast and Prostate Cancer Treatment.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Review
- Novel hormone therapies for advanced prostate cancer: Understanding and countering drug resistance.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2025Review
- Immunomodulation and Immunotherapy for Patients with Prostate Cancer: An Up-to-Date Review.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- EPHB1 Protein Promoted the Progression of Prostate Adenocarcinoma Through Phosphorylating GSK3B and Activating EPHB1-GSK3B-SMAD3 Pathway.Human mutation · 2025Article
- Deciphering the Liaison Between Fine Particulate Matter Pollution, Oxidative Stress, and Prostate Cancer: Where Are We Now?Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Review
- Quantitative Approach to Explore Regulatory T Cell Activity in Immuno-Oncology.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Prognostic Value of PlGF Upregulation in Prostate Cancer.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Liquid Biopsy in the Clinical Management of Cancers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Organoids: An Emerging Precision Medicine Model for Prostate Cancer Research.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- What should be the future direction of development in the field of prostate cancer with lung metastasis?World journal of clinical oncology · 2023Article
- Construction of PANoptosis signature: Novel target discovery for prostate cancer immunotherapy.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2023Article
- Advances in cancer vaccines for immunotherapy of prostate cancer.Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences · 2023Article
- A review of strategies to overcome immune resistance in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.Cancer drug resistance (Alhambra, Calif.) · 2023Review
- Boosting the Immune Response-Combining Local and Immune Therapy for Prostate Cancer Treatment.Cells · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The use of immunotherapy has become a critical treatment modality in many advanced cancers. However, immunotherapy in prostate cancer has not been met with similar success. Multiple interrelated mechanisms, such as low tumor mutational burden, immunosuppressive cells, and impaired cellular immunity, appear to subvert the immune system, creating an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and leading to lower treatment efficacy in advanced prostate cancer. The lethality of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer is driven by the lack of therapeutic regimens capable of generating durable responses. Multiple strategies are currently being tested to overcome immune resistance including combining various classes of treatment modalities. Several completed and ongoing trials have shown that combining vaccines or checkpoint inhibitors with hormonal therapy, radiotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates, chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy, or chemotherapy may enhance immune responses and induce long-lasting clinical responses without significant toxicity. Here, we review the current state of immunotherapy for prostate cancer, as well as tumor-specific mechanisms underlying therapeutic resistance, with a comprehensive look at the current preclinical and clinical immunotherapeutic strategies aimed at overcoming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and impaired cellular immunity that have largely limited the utility of immunotherapy in advanced prostate cancer.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.