ArticleeLife2021
mRNA vaccine-induced T cells respond identically to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern but differ in longevity and homing properties depending on prior infection status.
Article in eLife, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 90 citations in OpenAlex.
- Spatiotemporal heterologous vaccination relies on type I interferons at priming to enhance mucosal immunity.EMBO molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Targeting Metabolic Pathways to Direct T-Cell Trafficking: Therapeutic Perspectives.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- No clear evidence of PFAS-induced immunomodulation in SARS-CoV-2-specific human T cell responses following vaccination.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- COVID-19 mRNA or viral vector vaccine type and subject sex influence the SARS-CoV-2 T-cell response.Vaccine · 2025Article
- Pregnancy and lactation induce distinct immune responses to COVID-19 booster vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Post-COVID immunity in patients with solid tumor or hematological malignancies treated with SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Infection Risk by Vaccine Doses and Prior Infections Over 24 Months: ProHEpiC-19 Longitudinal Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2024Article
- Review
- Cytomegalovirus vaccine vector-induced effector memory CD4 + T cells protect cynomolgus macaques from lethal aerosolized heterologous avian influenza challenge.Nature communications · 2024Article
- COVID-19 vaccination induces distinct T-cell responses in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients and immunocompetent children.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- A T cell-based SARS-CoV-2 spike protein vaccine provides protection without antibodies.JCI insight · 2024Article
- COVID-19 vaccination and relapse activity: A nationwide cohort study of patients with multiple sclerosis in Denmark.European journal of neurology · 2024Article
- Long COVID manifests with T cell dysregulation, inflammation and an uncoordinated adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2.Nature immunology · 2024Article
- A multi-omics strategy to understand PASC through the RECOVER cohorts: a paradigm for a systems biology approach to the study of chronic conditions.Frontiers in systems biology · 2024Review
- Airway surveillance and lung viral control by memory T cells induced by COVID-19 mRNA vaccine.JCI insight · 2023Article
- Kinetics of adaptive immune responses after administering mRNA-Based COVID-19 vaccination in individuals with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infections.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infection establishes a stable and age-independent CD8Nature communications · 2023Article
- Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection Enhances Initial mRNA Vaccine Response with a Lower Impact on Long-Term Immunity.ImmunoHorizons · 2023Article
- Long COVID manifests with T cell dysregulation, inflammation, and an uncoordinated adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Intranasal VLP-RBD vaccine adjuvanted with BECC470 confers immunity against Delta SARS-CoV-2 challenge in K18-hACE2-mice.Vaccine · 2023Article
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
While mRNA vaccines are proving highly efficacious against SARS-CoV-2, it is important to determine how booster doses and prior infection influence the immune defense they elicit, and whether they protect against variants. Focusing on the T cell response, we conducted a longitudinal study of infection-naïve and COVID-19 convalescent donors before vaccination and after their first and second vaccine doses, using a high-parameter CyTOF analysis to phenotype their SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells. Vaccine-elicited spike-specific T cells responded similarly to stimulation by spike epitopes from the ancestral, B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variant strains, both in terms of cell numbers and phenotypes. In infection-naïve individuals, the second dose boosted the quantity and altered the phenotypic properties of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells, while in convalescents the second dose changed neither. Spike-specific T cells from convalescent vaccinees differed strikingly from those of infection-naïve vaccinees, with phenotypic features suggesting superior long-term persistence and ability to home to the respiratory tract including the nasopharynx. These results provide reassurance that vaccine-elicited T cells respond robustly to emerging viral variants, confirm that convalescents may not need a second vaccine dose, and suggest that vaccinated convalescents may have more persistent nasopharynx-homing SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells compared to their infection-naïve counterparts.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.