ArticleInternational journal of health policy and management2021
What You Don't Know About the Codex Can Hurt You: How Trade Policy Trumps Global Health Governance in Infant and Young Child Nutrition.
Article in International journal of health policy and management, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global Regulatory Mandates as Drivers for Advanced Chemical Analysis in Food Safety.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Infant Formula in the Digital Age: How US Online Formula Marketing Targets Parents.Maternal & child nutrition · 2025Article
- Using a systems thinking approach to map the global rise of ultra-processed foods in population diets.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2025Review
- A landscape analysis of investors in the global breast milk substitute industry to target for advocacy.Maternal & child nutrition · 2025Article
- Corporate activities that influence population health: a scoping review and qualitative synthesis to develop the HEALTH-CORP typology.Globalization and health · 2024Article
- A proposal to recognize investment in breastfeeding as a carbon offset.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2024Article
- Understanding the Politics of Food Regulation and Public Health: An Analysis of Codex Standard-Setting Processes on Food Labelling.International journal of health policy and management · 2024Article
- Overpromoted and underregulated: National binding legal measures related to commercially produced complementary foods in seven Southeast Asian countries are not fully aligned with available guidance.Maternal & child nutrition · 2023Article
- Regulating the marketing of foods for infants and young children: Lessons from assessment of gaps in monitoring and enforcement in Thailand.Maternal & child nutrition · 2023Article
- Emergent patterns in global health diplomacy: a network analysis of the resolutions adopted by the World Health Assembly from 1948 to 2022.BMJ global health · 2023Article
- Protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding in all policies: reframing the narrative.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Racial capitalism and the US formula shortage: A policy analysis of the formula industry as a neocolonial system.Frontiers in sociology · 2022Article
- Corporate political activity of baby food companies in Thailand.International breastfeeding journal · 2021Article
- The Political Economy of Healthy and Sustainable Food Systems: An Introduction to a Special Issue.International journal of health policy and management · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundInternational food standards set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), have become more prominent in international trade politics, since being referenced by various World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements. We examine how this impacts implementation of the World Health Organization (WHO)
methodsUsing trade in commercial milk formulas (CMFs) as a case study, we collected detailed data on interventions across various WTO bodies between 1995 and 2019. We used language from these interventions to guide data collection on member state and observer positions during the CAC review of the
resultsExporting member states made 245 interventions regarding CMFs at the WTO, many citing deviations from standards set by the CAC. These did not occur in formal disputes, but in WTO Committee and Accession processes, toward many countries. In Thailand, complaints are linked to weakened regulation. Exporters also sought to narrow the
conclusionThe commercial interests of the baby food industry are magnifying inconsistencies between health guidelines set by the WHO, standard-setting at the CAC, and functions of the WTO. This poses serious concerns for countries' abilities to regulate in the interests of public health, in this case to protect breastfeeding and its benefits for the health of infants, children and mothers.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.