ReviewMovement disorders clinical practice2021
The Cholinergic Brain in Parkinson's Disease.
Review in Movement disorders clinical practice, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 62 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 135 citations in OpenAlex.
- Moon, Mars and Minds: Evaluating Parkinson's disease mortality among U.S. radiation workers and veterans in the million person study of low-dose effects.Zeitschrift fur medizinische Physik · 2024Pooled it
- Feasibility, safety and efficacy of multi-dose vagus nerve stimulation in Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomised sham-controlled proof-of-concept study.Journal of neurology · 2025Trial
- Enhanced Taste Recognition Following Subacute Treatment With The Dopamine D2/D3 Receptor Agonist Pramipexole in Healthy Volunteers.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2022Trial
- White matter lesions disrupt cholinergic pathways important for cognition in Parkinson's disease.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Neurotransmitter Systems Underlying Freezing of Gait (FOG) in Parkinson's Disease.The European journal of neuroscience · 2026Review
- Digital measurement of ocular microtremor in Parkinson's Disease: Analytical and clinical validation.PLOS digital health · 2026Article
- Aberrant Beta-Band Network Alteration Preceding Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2026Article
- The central cholinergic system as a therapeutic target in Parkinson's disease.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2026Review
- Is levodopa induced freezing of gait a paradox or an expected phenomenon?: a clinico-pathophysiological hypothesis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Neuromodulation-induced normalization of cortical metastable dynamics signatures in Parkinson's disease.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Basal Forebrain Volume and Concurrent Hallucinations and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Article
- Gut-initiated alpha synuclein fibrils drive parkinsonism phenotypes: temporal mapping of REM sleep behavior disorder-like and other non-motor symptoms.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Article
- Targeting the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Bacillus coagulans Protects Against Rotenone-Induced Parkinson's Disease in Rats.Neurochemical research · 2026Article
- Neuroimaging and Pathology Biomarkers in Parkinson's Disease and Parkinsonism.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Cholinergic regulation of neuroinflammation: linking microglia, immunometabolism, and neuromodulation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Amygdala subregion MRI alterations in Parkinson's disease correlate with olfactory function.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Article
- Apathy and Reduced Voluntary Activity in Older Adults with Parkinson's Disease: Mechanisms, Clinical Assessment, and Rehabilitation Implications.Clinical interventions in aging · 2026Review
- Breaking the Freeze: The Role of Cognitive Function in Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease.Parkinson's disease · 2026Review
- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Signatures of Progression and Phenoconversion in Prodromal Synucleinopathies.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2025Article
- The cholinergic basal forebrain and its role in neurodegeneration.Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology · 2025Review
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The central cholinergic system includes the basal forebrain nuclei, mainly projecting to the cortex, the mesopontine tegmental nuclei, mainly projecting to the thalamus and subcortical structures, and other groups of projecting neurons and interneurons. This system regulates many functions of human behavior such as cognition, locomotion, and sleep. In Parkinson's disease (PD), disruption of central cholinergic transmission has been associated with cognitive decline, gait problems, freezing of gait (FOG), falls, REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), neuropsychiatric manifestations, and olfactory dysfunction. Neuropathological and neuroimaging evidence suggests that basal forebrain pathology occurs simultaneously with nigrostriatal denervation, whereas pathology in the pontine nuclei may occur before the onset of motor symptoms. These studies have also detailed the clinical implications of cholinergic dysfunction in PD. Degeneration of basal forebrain nuclei and consequential cortical cholinergic denervation are associated with and may predict the subsequent development of cognitive decline and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Gait problems, FOG, and falls are associated with a complex dysfunction of both pontine and basal forebrain nuclei. Olfactory impairment is associated with cholinergic denervation of the limbic archicortex, specifically hippocampus and amygdala. Available evidence suggests that cholinergic dysfunction, alongside failure of the dopaminergic and other neurotransmitters systems, contributes to the generation of a specific set of clinical manifestations. Therefore, a "cholinergic phenotype" can be identified in people presenting with cognitive decline, falls, and RBD. In this review, we will summarize the organization of the central cholinergic system and the clinical correlates of cholinergic dysfunction in PD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.