ArticleFrontiers in oncology2021
Analysis of Immune Landscape Reveals Prognostic Significance of Cytotoxic CD4
Article in Frontiers in oncology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cytotoxic CD4Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Myokine-mediated mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibitors-associated colorectal injury and repair in rectal cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Cytotoxic CD4+ T cells in cancer: an emerging target for next-generation anticancer immunotherapy?Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Review
- The Role of Tumor-Infiltrating B Lymphocytes in Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review of Immune Landscape Evolution.Cancers · 2025Review
- Machine learning-based model for CD4Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Observational
- Article
- CTLs heterogeneity and plasticity: implications for cancer immunotherapy.Molecular cancer · 2024Review
- Increased Fusobacterium tumoural abundance affects immunogenicity in mucinous colorectal cancer and may be associated with improved clinical outcome.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2023Article
- Cytotoxic CD4 T cells in the mucosa and in cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- When Helpers Go Above and Beyond: Development and Characterization of Cytotoxic CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- The effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on the tumor immune microenvironment in gastrointestinal tumors.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMismatch repair proficient colorectal cancer (pMMR CRC) lacks effective treatments and has a poor prognosis, which can be attributed to the complexity of tumor microenvironment. The coordinated function of immune cells is vital to anti-tumor immunity. However, the spatial characteristics of immune cells in the pMMR CRC immune microenvironment and their relationship with clinical prognosis are not fully understood. Meanwhile, the immune modulatory effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT), which is the first-line treatment of pMMR CRC, needs further investigation. Therefore, this study aims to explore the spatial dynamics of immune cells and its prognostic value in pMMR CRC.
methodsWe analyzed the various immune cells in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissues which were collected from 77 patients with stage II/III of pMMR CRC, including 39 non-NCT treated and 38 NCT treated patients. We used the optimized multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) to identify and quantify the density, type and location of immune cells in pMMR CRC. Multivariate survival analysis was performed to assess the relationship of immune profiles and clinical prognosis of pMMR CRC patients.
resultsThe densities of most T cell subsets, B cells and macrophages were higher in the central region of the pMMR CRC than in the invasion margin. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), especially the infiltration of CD4
conclusionWe demonstrated that the level of CD4
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