ArticleMalaria journal2021
Genetic variation of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 and 3 in Assosa zone, Ethiopia: its impact on the performance of malaria rapid diagnostic tests.
Article in Malaria journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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12 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Spatial and genetic dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein2 in sub-Saharan Africa.PloS one · 2026Article
- Asymptomatic Plasmodium infection and predictors among schoolchildren in Bahir Dar Zuria District, Northwest Ethiopia.Malaria journal · 2025Article
- Analysis of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions, and the structure and variability of PfHRP2 and PfHRP3 proteins: implications for the performance of malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Cubal, Angola.Malaria journal · 2025Article
- Cryptic absence and genetic variation of Plasmodium falciparum PfHRP2 and PfHRP3 from isolates in Papua, Indonesia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Contrasting sequence polymorphism and structural basis patterns ofJournal of biosciences · 2025Article
- Comparing the diagnostic accuracy of the newly introduced and existing malaria tests in Northwest Ethiopia.PloS one · 2025Article
- Novel Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2/3 repeat type in Ethiopian malaria infection: does this affect performance of HRP2-based malaria RDT?Malaria journal · 2024Article
- Therapeutic efficacy of artesunate-amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Chad: clinical and genetic surveillance.Malaria journal · 2023Article
- Deletion patterns, genetic variability and protein structure of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3: implications for malaria rapid diagnostic test in Amhara region, Ethiopia.Malaria journal · 2022Article
- Factors Affecting the Performance of HRP2-Based Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2022Review
- A microfluidic paper analytical device using capture aptamers for the detection of PfLDH in blood matrices.Malaria journal · 2022Article
- Genetic deletions and high diversity ofFrontiers in epidemiology · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundRapid diagnostic tests (RDT) are commonly used for the diagnosis of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. However, false negative results of RDT caused by genetic variation of P. falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 and 3 genes (pfhrp2/3) threaten existing malaria case management and control efforts. The main objective of this study was to investigate the genetic variations of the pfhrp2/3 genes.
methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from malaria symptomatic individuals in 2018 in Assosa zone, Ethiopia. Finger-prick blood samples were collected for RDT and microscopic examination of thick and thin blood films. Dried blood spots (DBS) were used for genomic parasite DNA extraction and molecular detection. Amplification of parasite DNA was made by quantitative PCR. DNA amplicons of pfhrp2/3 were purified and sequenced.
resultsThe PfHRP2 amino acid repeat type isolates were less conserved compared to the PfHRP3 repeat type. Eleven and eight previously characterized PfHRP2 and PfHRP3 amino acid repeat types were identified, respectively. Type 1, 4 and 7 repeats were shared by PfHRP2 and PfHRP3 proteins. Type 2 repeats were found only in PfHRP2, while types 16 and 17 were found only in PfHRP3 with a high frequency in all isolates. 18 novel repeat types were found in PfHRP2 and 13 novel repeat types were found in PfHRP3 in single or multiple copies per isolate. The positivity rate for PfHRP2 RDT was high, 82.9% in PfHRP2 and 84.3% in PfHRP3 sequence isolates at parasitaemia levels > 250 parasites/µl. Using the Baker model, 100% of the isolates in group A (If product of types 2 × type 7 repeats ≥ 100) and 73.7% of the isolates in group B (If product of types 2 × type 7 repeats 50-99) were predicted to be detected by PfHRP2 RDT at parasitaemia level > 250 parasite/μl.
conclusionThe findings of this study indicate the presence of different PfHRP2 and PfHRP3 amino acid repeat including novel repeats in P. falciparum from Ethiopia. These results indicate that there is a need to closely monitor the performance of PfHRP2 RDT associated with the genetic variation of the pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene in P. falciparum isolates at the country-wide level.
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