ArticleBMC neurology2021
The application of shotgun metagenomics to the diagnosis of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis due to Balamuthia mandrillaris: a case report.
Article in BMC neurology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- The added value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in central nervous system infections: a systematic review of case reports.Infection · 2025Pooled it
- The first reported case ofFrontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Fulminant amebic colitis complicated by appendiceal perforation and massive abdominal hemorrhage: a case report and literature review.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Construction of a preliminary digital parasite specimen database for parasitology education and research.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The role of plasma metagenomic sequencing in identification of Balamuthia mandrillaris encephalitis.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Article
- Cyclic Peptide Natural Product Inspired Inhibitors of the Free-Living AmoebaJournal of natural products · 2025Article
- Brain biopsy and metagenomic sequencing enhance aetiological diagnosis of encephalitis.Brain communications · 2025Article
- Metagenomic and Molecular Detection of Novel Fecal Viruses in Free-Ranging Agile Wallabies.EcoHealth · 2023Article
- Where Have All the Diagnostic Morphological Parasitologists Gone?Journal of clinical microbiology · 2022Article
- Distribution and Current State of Molecular Genetic Characterization in Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- SubacuteThe Journal of international medical research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGranulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) is an infrequent and fatal infectious disease worldwide. Antemortem diagnosis in this condition is very difficult because clinical manifestations and neuroimaging are nonspecific. CASE PRESENTATION: A 60-year-old Japanese woman was admitted with a chief complaint of left homonymous hemianopsia. Brain-MRI showed extensive necrotizing lesions enhanced by gadolinium, in the right frontal lobe, right occipital lobe, and left parietal lobe. Epithelioid granulomas of unknown etiology were found in the biopsied brain specimens. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing using a next-generation sequencer detected DNA fragments of Balamuthia mandrillaris in the tissue specimens. The diagnosis of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis was confirmed using an amoeba-specific polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining on the biopsied tissues.
conclusionsShotgun metagenomics is useful for the diagnosis of central nervous system infections such as GAE wherein the pathogens are difficult to identify.
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