ArticleBMC psychiatry2021
The association of different parenting styles among depressed parents and their offspring's depression and anxiety: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Perinatal Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms and Maternal Parenting Behavior During the First Three Years Postpartum: A Systematic Review.Depression and anxiety · 2025Pooled it
- Mental health literacy as a mediator between parental and adolescent depression and anxiety in Chinese resource-poor region.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- The second digital divide mediates the association between parental rearing style and depression, anxiety and their comorbidity among college students: a latent profile and mediation analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- The correlation between parenting styles and children's anxiety in the COVID-19 pandemic in Bandar Abbas in Iran.Journal of education and health promotion · 2024Article
- Maternal Mental Health and Children's Problem Behaviours: A Bi-directional Relationship?Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2023Article
- The Father's Part: Influences of Paternal Psychopathology and Parenting Behavior on Child and Adolescent Well-Being.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Associations of Parenting Style and Resilience With Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Chinese Middle School Students.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundParenting styles play a critical role in children's development, especially for those in families with a depressed parent. To date, no study has explored whether youth perceptions of parenting style are heterogeneous in families with a depressed parent or whether heterogeneous parenting styles are associated with children's internalizing symptoms.
methodsParticipants were children aged 8-16 years who had a parent with major depressive disorder; they were enrolled through their parents, who were outpatients at two hospitals in Ningxia. Parenting styles were measured using the Parental Bonding Instrument. Youth depression and anxiety were measured using the Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children and the Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders, respectively. We applied latent profile analysis to identify the subtypes of parenting styles with similar patterns. Differences between subtypes in relation to demographic variables and parenting style scores were calculated using one-way ANOVAs, Wilcoxon rank sum tests, and chi-squared tests. Bivariate logistic analyses were conducted to examine the associations between parental bonding subtypes and children's depression and anxiety.
resultsFour parenting styles were identified through latent profile analysis: care-autonomy, overprotection-indifference, indifference, and undifferentiated parenting. Youth with care-autonomy parents had a lower risk of depression (OR: 0.16; 95% CI: 0.06-0.41) and anxiety (OR: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.10-0.48), while indifference parenting increased children's risk of depression (OR: 5.29; 95% CI: 1.30-21.54) more than undifferentiated parenting.
conclusionsChildren with a depressed parent had heterogeneous perceptions of parenting styles. Mothers' and fathers' parenting styles were largely congruent. Care-autonomy parenting (high care and high autonomy) may decrease children's risk of depression, whereas indifference parenting (low care and autonomy) may increase their risk of depression.
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