ReviewJournal of gastrointestinal cancer2021
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Tumor Microenvironment and Its Implications in Terms of Anti-tumor Immunity: Future Perspectives for New Therapeutics.
Review in Journal of gastrointestinal cancer, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- Near-Infrared-II Fluorescence Imaging of Tumors with Organic Small-Molecule Fluorophores.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- MRI Coregistered Rodent Histotripsy Array for Orthotopic Liver Models.IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control · 2025Article
- Bidirectional role of neutrophils in tumor development.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- The role of immune regulation in HBV infection and hepatocellular carcinogenesis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- WGCNA reveals a biomarker for cancer-associated fibroblasts to predict prognosis in cervical cancer.Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2024Article
- Role of Epigenetic Factors in Determining the Biological Behavior and Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Article
- Strategies and Recent Advances on Improving Efficient Antitumor of Lenvatinib Based on Nanoparticle Delivery System.International journal of nanomedicine · 2024Review
- Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Identifies Crucial Genes Influencing the Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Liver Cancer.International journal of genomics · 2024Article
- Multiple Roles of LOXL2 in the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Potential for Therapeutic Targeting.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Single-cell and genetic multi-omics analysis combined with experiments confirmed the signature and potential targets of cuproptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2023Article
- Progress in research on tumor microenvironment-based spatial omics technologies.Oncology research · 2023Review
- Article
- Screening for aberrantly methylated and differentially expressed genes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with cirrhosis.World journal of surgical oncology · 2022Article
- The tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma and its targeting strategy by CAR-T cell immunotherapy.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- ELOVLs Predict Distinct Prognosis Value and Immunotherapy Efficacy In Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeHepatocellular cancer is an insidious tumor that is often diagnosed in a later stage of life. The tumor microenvironment is the key to tumorigenesis and progression. Many cellular and non-cellular components orchestrate the intricate process of hepatocarcinogenesis. The most important feature of hepatocellular cancer is the immune evasion process. The present review aims to summarize the key components of the tumor microenvironment in the immune evasion process.
methodsGoogle Scholar and PubMed databases have been searched for the mesh terms "Hepatocellular carcinoma" or "Liver Cancer" and "microenvironment." The articles were reviewed and the components of the tumor microenvironment were summarized.
resultsThe tumor microenvironment is composed of tumor cells and non-tumoral stromal and immune cells. HCC tumor microenvironment supports aggressive tumor behavior, provides immune evasion, and is an obstacle for current immunotherapeutic strategies. The components of the tumor microenvironment are intratumoral macrophages (tumor-associated macrophages (TAM)), bone marrow-derived suppressor cells, tumor-associated neutrophils (TAN), fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment, and the activated hepatic stellate cells.
conclusionThere are intricate mechanisms that drive hepatocarcinogenesis. The tumor microenvironment is at the center of all the complex and diverse mechanisms. Effective and multistep immunotherapies should be developed to target different components of the tumor microenvironment.
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