ReviewNature nanotechnology2021
Chemical engines: driving systems away from equilibrium through catalyst reaction cycles.
Review in Nature nanotechnology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed.
- Temporal dependence emerges from a carbodiimide driven acid-anhydride equilibrium coupled to a photocatalytic decarboxylation reaction.Chemical science · 2026Article
- Supramolecular Host-Guest Complexation Dynamics by Cost-Efficient Electronic Structure Methods.Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- Chiral catalysis-driven rotary molecular motors.Nature chemistry · 2026Article
- Metal-organic framework-based fuel-driven chemical reaction network for ferroptosis therapy.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- A Versatile Strategy for Light-Driven Active Transport of Ions.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2026Article
- Gears in chemical reaction networks for optimizing energy transduction efficiency.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Catalysis-driven Active Transport Across a Liquid Membrane.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2025Article
- A Catalysis-Driven Dual Molecular Motor.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2025Article
- Structural Influence of the Chemical Fueling System on a Catalysis-Driven Rotary Molecular Motor.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2025Article
- Computational Analysis of the Kinetic Requirements for Coupled Reaction Systems.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Power Strokes in Molecular Motors: Predictive, Irrelevant, or Somewhere in Between?Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2025Article
- Article
- Molecular-scale dissipative chemistry drives the formation of nanoscale assemblies and their macroscale transport.Nature chemistry · 2025Article
- Repurposing a Catalytic Cycle for Transient Self-Assembly.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2024Article
- Article
- Stepwise Operation of a Molecular Rotary Motor Driven by an Appel Reaction.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2024Article
- Ratcheting synthesis.Nature reviews. Chemistry · 2024Review
- Switched "On" Transient Fluorescence Output from a Pulsed-Fuel Molecular Ratchet.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2023Article
- Mechanochemical active ratchet.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- From autocatalysis to survival of the fittest in self-reproducing lipid systems.Nature reviews. Chemistry · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Biological systems exhibit a range of complex functions at the micro- and nanoscales under non-equilibrium conditions (for example, transportation and motility, temporal control, information processing and so on). Chemists also employ out-of-equilibrium systems, for example in kinetic selection during catalysis, self-replication, dissipative self-assembly and synthetic molecular machinery, and in the form of chemical oscillators. Key to non-equilibrium behaviour are the mechanisms through which systems are able to extract energy from the chemical reactants ('fuel') that drive such processes. In this Perspective we relate different examples of such powering mechanisms using a common conceptual framework. We discuss how reaction cycles can be coupled to other dynamic processes through positive (acceleration) or negative (inhibition) catalysis to provide the thermodynamic impetus for diverse non-equilibrium behaviour, in effect acting as a 'chemical engine'. We explore the way in which the energy released from reaction cycles is harnessed through kinetic selection in a series of what have sometimes been considered somewhat disparate fields (systems chemistry, molecular machinery, dissipative assembly and chemical oscillators), highlight common mechanistic principles and the potential for the synchronization of chemical reaction cycles, and identify future challenges for the invention and application of non-equilibrium systems. Explicit recognition of the use of fuelling reactions to power structural change in catalysts may stimulate the investigation of known catalytic cycles as potential elements for chemical engines, a currently unexplored area of catalysis research.
Identifiers
34625723What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.