Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34623511›Full record

ReviewActa neuropathologica2021

Analyzing microglial phenotypes across neuropathologies: a practical guide.

Marius Schwabenland, Wolfgang Brück, Josef Priller, Christine Stadelmann, Hans Lassmann, Marco Prinz

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Acta neuropathologica, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 92 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
92citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

92 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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  9. TLC-Derived High-Polar Fractions ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026
    Article
  10. Viral Microglia Reprogramming Clears Oligomeric Neurotoxic Debris.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Microglial polarization in retinal neovascularization: Friend or foe?Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences · 2026
    Review
  14. Article
  15. Fucoidan Extracted fromMarine drugs · 2026
    Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Article

32 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Marius SchwabenlandInstitute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-2205-5427
Wolfgang BrückInstitute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
Josef PrillerSchool of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Christine StadelmannInstitute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
Hans Lassmann *Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. hans.lassmann@meduniwien.ac.at.
Marco Prinz *Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. marco.prinz@uniklinik-freiburg.de.ORCID 0000-0002-0349-1955

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

As extremely sensitive immune cells, microglia act as versatile watchdogs of the central nervous system (CNS) that tightly control tissue homeostasis. Therefore, microglial activation is an early and easily detectable hallmark of virtually all neuropsychiatric, neuro-oncological, neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. The recent introduction of novel high-throughput technologies and several single-cell methodologies as well as advances in epigenetic analyses helped to identify new microglia expression profiles, enhancer-landscapes and local signaling cues that defined diverse previously unappreciated microglia states in the healthy and diseased CNS. Here, we give an overview on the recent developments in the field of microglia biology and provide a practical guide to analyze disease-associated microglia phenotypes in both the murine and human CNS, on several morphological and molecular levels. Finally, technical limitations, potential pitfalls and data misinterpretations are discussed as well.

Indexed as

MicrogliaAnimalsCentral Nervous System DiseasesHumansMiceNeuropathologyPhenotypeHuman microgliaIba1MicrogliaMicroglia histologyMicroglia histopathologyMicroglia immunohistochemistryMicroglia markersMicroglia morphologyMicroglia phenotype

Identifiers

PMID34623511
PMCPMC8498770

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.