ReviewArchives of toxicology2021
Principles of dose-setting in toxicology studies: the importance of kinetics for ensuring human safety.
Review in Archives of toxicology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed.
- Engineered nanovaccines for prophylactic and therapeutic immunotherapy against cancer and infectious disease.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Cola hispida Leaf Extract Attenuates Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepato-Reno-Hematotoxicity via Antioxidant Modulation in Rats.Environmental toxicology · 2026Article
- Navigating through toxicological data: review of toxicological databases and sources in the interdisciplinary context including-chemicals, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and forensics.Archives of toxicology · 2026Review
- Tannic acid attenuates glyphosate-based herbicide-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity associated with motor dysfunction in mice.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2026Article
- From Genetic Engineering to Preclinical Safety: A Study on Recombinant Human Interferons.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- A CpG Epigenetic Switch Reverts PFAS ToxicityAn In Vitro Study.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Article
- Effects ofArhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju · 2025Article
- Xylene Impairs Neuronal Development by Dysregulating Calcium Homeostasis and Neuronal Activity in Developing Hippocampal Neurons.Biomolecules & therapeutics · 2025Article
- Supramolecular Materials and Strategies for Bioorthogonal Chemical Transformations.Chemical reviews · 2025Review
- Phytochemicals in Cancer Therapy: A Structured Review of Mechanisms, Challenges, and Progress in Personalized Treatment.Chemistry & biodiversity · 2025Review
- Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) lacks endocrine disruptive potential via estrogen pathways.Archives of toxicology · 2025Article
- Kinetically-derived maximal dose (KMD) confirms lack of human relevance for high-dose effects of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4).Archives of toxicology · 2025Article
- Nutrients and phytochemicals characterisations, acute and sub-acute oral toxicity studies of BobyGuard C, a polyherbal nutraceutical with anti-breast cancer properties.Frontiers in toxicology · 2025Article
- Hypothesis-driven weight of evidence evaluation indicates ethylbenzene lacks endocrine disruption potential by EATS pathways.EXCLI journal · 2025Article
- Curcumin as an antidote to atrazine on estrogen homeostasis and beyond: mechanistic insights from a targeted literature review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Practical Considerations in Dose Extrapolation from Animals to Humans.Journal of aerosol medicine and pulmonary drug delivery · 2024Review
- Reproductive toxicology: keeping up with our changing world.Frontiers in toxicology · 2024Article
- Kinetically-derived maximal dose (KMD) indicates lack of human carcinogenicity of ethylbenzene.Archives of toxicology · 2024Article
- A new approach to the classification of carcinogenicity.Archives of toxicology · 2022Article
- Predicting nonlinear relationships between external and internal concentrations with physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling.Toxicology and applied pharmacology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Regulatory toxicology seeks to ensure that exposures to chemicals encountered in the environment, in the workplace, or in products pose no significant hazards and produce no harm to humans or other organisms, i.e., that chemicals are used safely. The most practical and direct means of ensuring that hazards and harms are avoided is to identify the doses and conditions under which chemical toxicity does not occur so that chemical concentrations and exposures can be appropriately limited. Modern advancements in pharmacology and toxicology have revealed that the rates and mechanisms by which organisms absorb, distribute, metabolize and eliminate chemicals-i.e., the field of kinetics-often determine the doses and conditions under which hazard, and harm, are absent, i.e., the safe dose range. Since kinetics, like chemical hazard and toxicity, are extensive properties that depend on the amount of the chemical encountered, it is possible to identify the maximum dose under which organisms can efficiently metabolize and eliminate the chemicals to which they are exposed, a dose that has been referred to as the kinetic maximum dose, or KMD. This review explains the rationale that compels regulatory toxicology to embrace the advancements made possible by kinetics, why understanding the kinetic relationship between the blood level produced and the administered dose of a chemical is essential for identifying the safe dose range, and why dose-setting in regulatory toxicology studies should be informed by estimates of the KMD rather than rely on the flawed concept of maximum-tolerated toxic dose, or MTD.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.