Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34623435›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2022

Recommendations for Screening and Diagnosis of Chagas Disease in the United States.

Colin J Forsyth, Jennifer Manne-Goehler, Caryn Bern, Jeffrey Whitman, Natasha S Hochberg, Morven Edwards, Rachel Marcus, Norman L Beatty, Yagahira E Castro-Sesquen, Christina Coyle and 5 more

Open access · hybridAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
60citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
10.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

60 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 91 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Barriers to Chagas Disease Screening among Primary Care Providers in the United States.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2026
    Article
  6. Observational
  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. Article
  10. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2026
    Article
  11. Chagas Disease: An Opportunistic Infection in AIDS.Current infectious disease reports · 2026
    Article
  12. Chagas disease.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2025
    Article
  13. Article
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. An Evidence-Based Intervention to IncreaseOpen forum infectious diseases · 2025
    Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors at 10 institutions in 1 country.

Colin J ForsythDrugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, New York, New York, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1481-8367
Jennifer Manne-GoehlerDivision of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9295-0035
Caryn BernDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Jeffrey WhitmanDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Natasha S HochbergDepartment of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Morven EdwardsDepartment of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Rachel MarcusMedstar Union Memorial Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
Norman L BeattyDivision of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
Yagahira E Castro-SesquenDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Christina CoyleDivision of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.
Paula Stigler GranadosSchool of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.
Davidson HamerDepartment of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4700-1495
James H MaguireDivision of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Robert H GilmanDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Sheba MeymandiCenter of Excellence for Chagas Disease, Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Sylmar, California, USA.
Boston University · USBrigham and Women's Hospital · USJohns Hopkins University · USUniversity of California, San Francisco · USAlbert Einstein College of Medicine · USAmerican Society of Hematology · USBaylor College of Medicine · USSan Diego State University · USUniversity of California, Los Angeles · USUniversity of Florida · US

Funding

CDC HHS
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundChagas disease affects an estimated 326 000-347 000 people in the United States and is severely underdiagnosed. Lack of awareness and clarity regarding screening and diagnosis is a key barrier. This article provides straightforward recommendations, with the goal of simplifying identification and testing of people at risk for US healthcare providers.

methodsA multidisciplinary working group of clinicians and researchers with expertise in Chagas disease agreed on 6 main questions, and developed recommendations based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology, after reviewing the relevant literature on Chagas disease in the United States.

resultsIndividuals who were born or resided for prolonged time periods in endemic countries of Mexico and Central and South America should be tested for Trypanosoma cruzi infection, and family members of people who test positive should be screened. Women of childbearing age with risk factors and infants born to seropositive mothers deserve special consideration due to the risk of vertical transmission. Diagnostic testing for chronic T. cruzi infection should be conducted using 2 distinct assays.

conclusionsIncreasing provider-directed screening for T. cruzi infection is key to addressing this neglected public health challenge in the United States.

Indexed as

Chagas DiseaseTrypanosoma cruziFemaleHumansInfantInfectious Disease Transmission, VerticalMass ScreeningMothersUnited StatesChagas diseasediagnosisneglected diseasesTrypanosoma cruzi

Identifiers

PMID34623435
PMCPMC9071346
OpenAlexW3203667186

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.