ArticleThe Journal of clinical investigation2021
Rapid measurement of SARS-CoV-2 spike T cells in whole blood from vaccinated and naturally infected individuals.
Article in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 74 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 126 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vaccine-induced T cell responses control Orthoflavivirus challenge infection without neutralizing antibodies in humans.Nature microbiology · 2025Trial
- Original COVID-19 priming regimen impacts the immunogenicity of bivalent BA.1 and BA.5 boosters.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- Immunogenicity and Reactogenicity of Vaccine Boosters after Ad26.COV2.S Priming.The New England journal of medicine · 2022Trial
- Development of a unified mass cytometry assay integrating activation-induced markers (AIMs) and cytokine profiling for high-throughput assessment of antigen-specific T cell responses.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Article
- Mechanisms underlying immunodynamics of layered defenses elicited by mRNA vaccination in children.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Intranasal DC-targeting vaccine booster elicits durable and cross-clade protective immunity against sarbecoviruses in mice.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Immune response dynamics to SARS-CoV-2 in the Albanian population: A study on T-cell and antibody interactions during the transition from pandemic to endemic phase.Infectious diseases & immunity · 2025Article
- Comparison of different T cell assays for the retrospective determination of SARS-CoV-2 infection.The Journal of general virology · 2024Article
- Article
- Cytokine profile of anti-spike CD4iScience · 2024Article
- T cell hybrid immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in children: a longitudinal study.EBioMedicine · 2024Article
- Correlates of protection against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 in vaccinated children.Nature medicine · 2024Article
- Utility of accessible SARS-CoV-2 specific immunoassays in vaccinated adults with a history of advanced HIV infection.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Silent battles: immune responses in asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2024Review
- Enhanced detection of antigen-specific T cells by a multiplexed AIM assay.Cell reports methods · 2024Article
- A rapid method to assess theImmunotherapy advances · 2024Article
- Reduced durability of hybrid immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in immunocompromised children.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Engineering immunosuppressive drug-resistant armored (IDRA) SARS-CoV-2 T cells for cell therapy.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2023Article
- Minding the "T"s beyond the "B"s: Shaping vaccines for future pandemics.PLoS biology · 2023Article
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Defining the correlates of protection necessary to manage the COVID-19 pandemic requires the analysis of both antibody and T cell parameters, but the complexity of traditional tests limits virus-specific T cell measurements. We tested the sensitivity and performance of a simple and rapid SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-specific T cell test based on the stimulation of whole blood with peptides covering the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, followed by cytokine (IFN-γ, IL-2) measurement in different cohorts including BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals (n = 112), convalescent asymptomatic and symptomatic COVID-19 patients (n = 130), and SARS-CoV-1-convalescent individuals (n = 12). The sensitivity of this rapid test is comparable to that of traditional methods of T cell analysis (ELISPOT, activation-induced marker). Using this test, we observed a similar mean magnitude of T cell responses between the vaccinees and SARS-CoV-2 convalescents 3 months after vaccination or virus priming. However, a wide heterogeneity of the magnitude of spike-specific T cell responses characterized the individual responses, irrespective of the time of analysis. The magnitude of these spike-specific T cell responses cannot be predicted from the neutralizing antibody levels. Hence, both humoral and cellular spike-specific immunity should be tested after vaccination to define the correlates of protection necessary to evaluate current vaccine strategies.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.