SynthesisHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2021
Is there a difference in the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccine in males and females? - A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- Long-term effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination in preventing hospitalization among household contacts: A case-control study from December 2021 to April 2023.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Article
- Factors Predicting COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness and Longevity of Humoral Immune Responses.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Antibody Response Following COVID-19 Vaccination in Malaysian Cancer Patients and Healthy Individuals.Cureus · 2024Article
- How does geographical diversity shape vaccine efficacy?Clinical and experimental vaccine research · 2024Review
- Article
- Article
- COVID-19 Vaccination Effectiveness in the General Population of an Italian Province: Two Years of Follow-Up.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Effectiveness and Protection Duration of Anti-COVID-19 Vaccinations among Healthcare Personnel in Cluj-Napoca, Romania.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Lack of Evidence on Association between Iron Deficiency and COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Neutralizing Humoral Immunity.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Effects of Biological Sex and Pregnancy on SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Vaccine Outcomes.Current topics in microbiology and immunology · 2023Article
- Choosing between Homologous or Heterologous COVID-19 Vaccination Regimens: A Cross-Sectional Study among the General Population in Italy.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Humoral and T-cell response 12 months after the first BNT162b2 vaccination in solid organ transplant recipients and controls: Kinetics, associated factors, and role of SARS-CoV-2 infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Effectiveness, safety, and immunogenicity of half dose ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 COVID-19 Vaccine: Viana project.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Aspects of Humoral Immunity after Vaccination with Bnt162b2: A Small Study.Current health sciences journalArticle
- Sex differences and the role of estrogens in the immunological underpinnings of Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's & dementia (New York, N. Y.)Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionFemales generally have higher antibody responses to viral vaccines. Our objectives were to compare gender differences in the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination.
methodsData sources: Studies from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform.
resultsWe included four eligible trials; all were categorized as having a low risk of bias. COVID-19 vaccine was significantly effective in both males and females. Slightly more SARS-CoV-2 infections were recorded in females than in males, but the difference was not significant (RR 1.064 [0.888-1.274];
conclusionDespite significant biological and behavioral differences between males and females, we found no significant gender differences in the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccines, especially in younger populations. Further pragmatic trials are needed to confirm the gender differences in protective response of different types of vaccines to different age groups.
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Registered trials
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