ArticleThe EMBO journal2021
Commensal microbiota divergently affect myeloid subsets in the mammalian central nervous system during homeostasis and disease.
Article in The EMBO journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- The OMMGut microbes · 2026Review
- Intranasal HSV‑1 infection drives region‑specific interferon‑dominant microglial remodeling.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Plasticity of the infant immune system during the perinatal period.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Review
- The gut-brain axis: mechanisms linking intestinal dysbiosis with stroke.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- The aging choroid plexus and its relationship with gut dysbiosis and Klotho decline: possible intervention strategies.GeroScience · 2025Review
- Review
- Review
- How the gut microbiota impacts neurodegenerative diseases by modulating CNS immune cells.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Review
- The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Depression: Mechanisms, Microbiota-Targeted Interventions, and Translational Challenges.International journal of microbiology · 2025Review
- Advances in understanding the immunity of the brain and its borders: Focus on brain macrophages.Clinical and translational medicine · 2024Article
- The gut microbiota facilitate their host tolerance to extreme temperatures.BMC microbiology · 2024Article
- Multiomic spatial landscape of innate immune cells at human central nervous system borders.Nature medicine · 2024Article
- Human CNS-associated macrophages decoded in time and space.Nature medicine · 2024Article
- Brain macrophage development, diversity and dysregulation in health and disease.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2023Review
- Mechanisms of myeloid cell entry to the healthy and diseased central nervous system.Nature immunology · 2023Review
- Trends in perivascular macrophages research from 1997 to 2021: A bibliometric analysis.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2023Article
- The Gut-Immune-Brain Axis: An Important Route for Neuropsychiatric Morbidity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- The emerging role of the microbiome in Alzheimer's disease.International review of neurobiology · 2022Article
- Age-dependent effects of gut microbiota metabolites on brain resident macrophages.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) comprise parenchymal microglia and at the CNS border regions meningeal, perivascular, and choroid plexus macrophages (collectively called CNS-associated macrophages, CAMs). While previous work has shown that microglial properties depend on environmental signals from the commensal microbiota, the effects of microbiota on CAMs are unknown. By combining several microbiota manipulation approaches, genetic mouse models, and single-cell RNA-sequencing, we have characterized CNS myeloid cell composition and function. Under steady-state conditions, the transcriptional profiles and numbers of choroid plexus macrophages were found to be tightly regulated by complex microbiota. In contrast, perivascular and meningeal macrophages were affected to a lesser extent. An acute perturbation through viral infection evoked an attenuated immune response of all CAMs in germ-free mice. We further assessed CAMs in a more chronic pathological state in 5xFAD mice, a model for Alzheimer's disease, and found enhanced amyloid beta uptake exclusively by perivascular macrophages in germ-free 5xFAD mice. Our results aid the understanding of distinct microbiota-CNS macrophage interactions during homeostasis and disease, which could potentially be targeted therapeutically.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.