ArticleJournal of virus eradication2021
Vaccination with inactivated virus against low pathogenic avian influenza subtype H9N2 does not prevent virus transmission in chickens.
Article in Journal of virus eradication, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mannosylated chitosan-PLGA delivers Ganoderma lucidum triterpenes for oral immunoprotection against H9N2 in broilers.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Environmental circulation of multiple avian influenza subtypes and potential association with human infections in central China.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Genetic Evolution of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus in Guangxi, China.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Enhanced Immunogenicity of Chicken H9N2 Influenza Inactivated Vaccine Through a Novel Dual-Targeting Fusion Protein Strategy.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Age-related serological response to H9N2 infection in southwest Tripoli, Libya.Open veterinary journal · 2025Article
- H9 Consensus Hemagglutinin Subunit Vaccine with Adjuvants Induces Robust Mucosal and Systemic Immune Responses in Mice by Intranasal Administration.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Article
- Emergence of a new designated clade 16 with significant antigenic drift in hemagglutinin gene of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus in eastern China.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Current situation and control strategies of H9N2 avian influenza in South Korea.Journal of veterinary science · 2023Review
- A dominant internal gene cassette of high pathogenicity avian influenza H7N9 virus raised since 2018.Virus genes · 2022Article
- Molecular and Antigenic Characterization of Avian H9N2 Viruses in Southern China.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- A Single Vaccination of Chimeric Bivalent Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Confers Protection Against H9N2 and H3N2 Avian Influenza in Commercial Broilers and Allows a Strategy of Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
H9N2 subtype avian influenza has spread dramatically in China ever since first reported in the 1990s. A national vaccination program for poultry was initiated in 1998. Field isolation data show that the widely used inactivated H9N2 vaccine does not provide effective control of the transmission of this low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus in poultry. Current research has focused on two reasons: (i) insufficient immune response triggered by the vaccination with the inactivated virus, (ii) the occurrence of escape mutants selected by vaccine-induced immune pressure. However, the lack of effectivity of the inactivated virus vaccine to sufficiently reduce transmission has been noticed. We mimicked the natural infection and transmission process of the H9N2 virus in vaccinated and non-vaccinated chickens. A statistical model was used to estimate the transmission rate parameters among vaccinated chickens, varying in serum hemagglutinin inhibition titers (HIT) and non-vaccinated chickens. We demonstrate, for the first time, that the transmission is not sufficiently reduced by the H9N2 vaccine, even when vaccinated chickens have an IgG serum titer (HIT>2
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