ReviewJournal of hematology & oncology2021
Intratumor heterogeneity: the hidden barrier to immunotherapy against MSI tumors from the perspective of IFN-γ signaling and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes.
Review in Journal of hematology & oncology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The load of hepatitis B virus reduces the immune checkpoint inhibitors efficiency in hepatocellular carcinoma patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- A phase II basket trial of Dual Anti-CTLA-4 and Anti-PD-1 Blockade in Rare Tumors (DART) SWOG S1609: vaginal cancer sub cohort results.Journal of gynecologic oncology · 2026Trial
- Biological and Targeted Therapies in the Multidisciplinary Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers.Cancers · 2026Review
- Intratumor immune heterogeneity across simulated core biopsy sizes in non-small cell lung cancer: an exploratory study.Translational lung cancer research · 2026Article
- Bioorthogonal Fluorogenic Reporters for Noninvasive Imaging and Urinalysis of Immunotherapeutic Response in Renal Cell Carcinoma.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Nano-Enabled Systemic Delivery of STING Agonist by Engineered Silicasome for Potent Antitumor Immunotherapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Droplet Digital PCR Assay for the Detection of Microsatellite Instability in Colorectal, Gastric, and Endometrial Cancers.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Review
- Intratumoral heterogeneity in microsatellite instability status at single-cell resolution.iScience · 2026Article
- Deep spatial transcriptomic profiling of ovarian clear cell carcinoma in the real-world setting.Journal of ovarian research · 2026Article
- Integrative Sequencing and Proteogenomic Approaches to Intratumoral Heterogeneity in Cholangiocarcinoma: Implications for Precision Diagnosis and Therapy.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Complete response to BRICS in Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (pMMR, CPS 30): a case report.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Multi-omics landscape and functional validation of HCCS in breast cancer: from pan-cancer immunometabolic characterization to regulating tumor proliferation.Frontiers in genetics · 2026Article
- Peripheral blood biomarkers in PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy: distinguishing predictive from prognostic biomarkers.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Metabolic reprogramming signature predicts immunotherapy efficacy in lung adenocarcinoma: TargetingChinese journal of cancer research = Chung-kuo yen cheng yen chiu · 2025Article
- Explosive tumor growth in a patient with colon cancer is associated with reduced neoantigen levels and decreased interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) signaling.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Non-small cell lung cancer and the tumor microenvironment: making headway from targeted therapies to advanced immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Next-generation cancer vaccines: targeting cryptic and non-canonical antigens for precision immunotherapy.Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy · 2025Review
- Different metabolic paradigms and distribution of regulatory T cells between primary and lymph node metastasis prostate cancer.CytoJournal · 2025Article
- Development and validation of disulfidptosis-related genes signature for patients with glioma.Discover oncology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In this era of precision medicine, with the help of biomarkers, immunotherapy has significantly improved prognosis of many patients with malignant tumor. Deficient mismatch repair (dMMR)/microsatellite instability (MSI) status is used as a biomarker in clinical practice to predict favorable response to immunotherapy and prognosis. MSI is an important characteristic which facilitates mutation and improves the likelihood of a favorable response to immunotherapy. However, many patients with dMMR/MSI still respond poorly to immunotherapies, which partly results from intratumor heterogeneity propelled by dMMR/MSI. In this review, we discuss how dMMR/MSI facilitates mutations in tumor cells and generates intratumor heterogeneity, especially through type II interferon (IFN-γ) signaling and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). We discuss the mechanism of immunotherapy from the perspective of dMMR/MSI, molecular pathways and TILs, and we discuss how intratumor heterogeneity hinders the therapeutic effect of immunotherapy. Finally, we summarize present techniques and strategies to look at the tumor as a whole to design personalized regimes and achieve favorable prognosis.
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