ReviewCell metabolism2021
"Sweet death": Fructose as a metabolic toxin that targets the gut-liver axis.
Review in Cell metabolism, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 168 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fructose-Containing Dietary Exposures and Pediatric Atopic Disease: A Review of Epidemiologic Evidence.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Dietary Polyphenols and In Vitro Intestinal Fructose Uptake and Transport: A Systematic Literature Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Carrageenan and insulin resistance in humans: a randomised double-blind cross-over trial.BMC medicine · 2024Trial
- Human fecal transplantation from stunted children promotes metabolic dysfunction in mice fed with a high-fat and high-fructose corn syrup diet.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Overconsumption of fructose aggravates acute GVHD by inducing gut dysbiosis and promoting macrophage-mediated inflammatory response.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Effects of a low-protein, high-fructose corn syrup diet on skeletal muscle and bone in young adult mice: a pilot study.Physical activity and nutrition · 2026Article
- Gut mucosal barrier: the frontline of bidirectional regulation of the gut-X axis.Medical review (2021) · 2026Review
- Metabolomic Profiles Associated With Sugary Beverage Intakes in Youth.Pediatric obesity · 2026Article
- Intestinal fructose metabolism drives unsaturated fat absorption and synergizes with GLP-1 receptor agonism to promote weight loss.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Fructose 1-phosphate inhibits mannose phosphate isomerase to suppress hepatocellular carcinogenesis.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Sugar reduction in complex food systems: linking metabolic mechanisms, matrix engineering, and safety evaluation.NPJ science of food · 2026Review
- Hyperpolarized [U-ACS chemical biology · 2026Article
- Obesity, Nutrition and the Multiple Sclerosis Risk in Adolescents.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Diabetes: A comprehensive review of the Indian landscape in contrast with global trends.World journal of diabetes · 2026Review
- Testosterone deficiency synergistically exacerbates fructose-induced hepatic steatosis through gut microbiota and pyruvate in mice.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- The effect of liver-specific ketohexokinase deletion on the intestinal-liver-kidney axis in high-fructose-induced metabolic syndrome mice.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2026Article
- Targeting gut-liver-kidney axis: microbiota-derived metabolites and therapeutic implications.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- Adipokine in Metabolic Liver Disease: Adipo-Brain-Liver Cross talk.International journal of endocrinology · 2026Review
- METTL3-IGF2BP3 as a glucose sensor in hyperglycemic microenvironment promotes tumorigenesis and glycolysis.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Article
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Glucose and fructose are closely related simple sugars, but fructose has been associated more closely with metabolic disease. Until the 1960s, the major dietary source of fructose was fruit, but subsequently, high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) became a dominant component of the Western diet. The exponential increase in HFCS consumption correlates with the increased incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, but the mechanistic link between these metabolic diseases and fructose remains tenuous. Although dietary fructose was thought to be metabolized exclusively in the liver, evidence has emerged that it is also metabolized in the small intestine and leads to intestinal epithelial barrier deterioration. Along with the clinical manifestations of hereditary fructose intolerance, these findings suggest that, along with the direct effect of fructose on liver metabolism, the gut-liver axis plays a key role in fructose metabolism and pathology. Here, we summarize recent studies on fructose biology and pathology and discuss new opportunities for prevention and treatment of diseases associated with high-fructose consumption.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.