Trial reportScience (New York, N.Y.)2021
Monetary incentives increase COVID-19 vaccinations.
Trial report in Science (New York, N.Y.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 133 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
133 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Estimating the effects of interventions on increasing vaccination: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ global health · 2025Pooled it
- Influence of government policies on handwashing and vaccine uptake in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania to prevent and control COVID-19: a systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Targeting Vaccine Information Framing to Recipients' Education: A Randomized Trial.Health economics · 2025Trial
- Effectiveness of SMS reminders to increase demand for HPV immunisation: a randomised controlled trial in Georgia.BMJ open · 2025Trial
- Economic and health consequence frames affect COVID-19 vaccine incentive attitudes in Germany- a survey based framing experiment.BMC public health · 2025Trial
- Nationwide demonstration of improved COVID-19 vaccination uptake through behavioural reminders.Nature human behaviour · 2025Trial
- Financial Incentives for COVID-19 Vaccination: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2025Trial
- A behaviourally informed chatbot increases vaccination rates in Argentina more than a one-way reminder.Nature human behaviour · 2024Trial
- Teacher vaccinations enhance student achievement in Pakistan: The role of role models and theory of mind.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Trial
- Greater Covid-19 vaccine uptake among enrollees offered health and social needs case management: Results from a randomized trial.Health services research · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Financial incentives for COVID-19 vaccines in a rural low-resource setting: a cluster-randomized trial.Nature medicine · 2023Trial
- Reminders, but not monetary incentives, increase COVID-19 booster uptake.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Trial
- Counter-stereotypical messaging and partisan cues: Moving the needle on vaccines in a polarized United States.Science advances · 2023Trial
- Loss-framing of information and pre-vaccination consultation improve COVID-19 vaccine acceptance: A survey experiment.Frontiers in public health · 2023Trial
- Large and small financial incentives may motivate COVID-19 vaccination: A randomized, controlled survey experiment.PloS one · 2023Trial
- Can financial incentives and other nudges increase COVID-19 vaccinations among the vaccine hesitant? A randomized trial.Vaccine · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Information nudges for influenza vaccination: Evidence from a large-scale cluster-randomized controlled trial in Finland.PLoS medicine · 2022Trial
- Nudges for COVID-19 voluntary vaccination: How to explain peer information?Social science & medicine (1982) · 2022Trial
73 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The stalling of COVID-19 vaccination rates threatens public health. To increase vaccination rates, governments across the world are considering the use of monetary incentives. Here we present evidence about the effect of guaranteed payments on COVID-19 vaccination uptake. We ran a large preregistered randomized controlled trial (with 8286 participants) in Sweden and linked the data to population-wide administrative vaccination records. We found that modest monetary payments of 24 US dollars (200 Swedish kronor) increased vaccination rates by 4.2 percentage points (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.