ArticleNature biomedical engineering2021
Metabolic and immunomodulatory control of type 1 diabetes via orally delivered bile-acid-polymer nanocarriers of insulin or rapamycin.
Article in Nature biomedical engineering, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trackable Tolerogenic Macrophages Integrate PD-L1 and Rapamycin Signaling to Suppress Alloimmune Responses in Transplantation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Remodeling the Inflammatory Microenvironment: Nanomaterial-Based Targeted Strategies for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Lupus Nephritis.Small science · 2026Review
- Therapeutic Opportunities for Macrophage Targeted Nanomedicine in Diabetes Mellitus.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Site-specific adaptive nanovesicles for oral insulin delivery.Science advances · 2025Article
- Pig bile powder maintains blood glucose homeostasis by promoting glucagon-like peptide-1 secretionWorld journal of diabetes · 2025Article
- Bioengineering Platelets Presenting PD-L1, Galectin-9 and BTLA to Ameliorate Type 1 Diabetes.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Polyzwitterion-branched polycholic acid nanocarriers based oral delivery insulin for long-term glucose and metabolic regulation in diabetes mellitus.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Article
- An orally administered glucose-responsive polymeric complex for high-efficiency and safe delivery of insulin in mice and pigs.Nature nanotechnology · 2024Article
- Comparison of emulsion and spray methods for fabrication of rapamycin-loaded acetalated dextran microparticles.RSC pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Transepithelial transport of nanoparticles in oral drug delivery: From the perspective of surface and holistic property modulation.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2024Review
- Recent advances in the development of poly(ester amide)s-based carriers for drug delivery.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2024Review
- Oral peptide therapeutics for diabetes treatment: State-of-the-art and future perspectives.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2024Review
- Recent advances in oral insulin delivery technologies.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2024Article
- Engineering Strategies to Modulate the Gut Microbiome and Immune System.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2024Review
- Rational Engineering of Islet Tolerance via Biomaterial-Mediated Immune Modulation.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2024Review
- Epitope-based precision immunotherapy of Type 1 diabetes.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Article
- Concept for a Unidirectional Release Mucoadhesive Buccal Tablet for Oral Delivery of Antidiabetic Peptide Drugs Such as Insulin, Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1), and their Analogs.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Nanomaterials for antigen-specific immune tolerance therapy.Drug delivery and translational research · 2023Review
- Preclinical models for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus - A practical approach for research.International journal of medical sciences · 2023Review
- Material design for oral insulin delivery.Med-X · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
17 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Oral formulations of insulin are typically designed to improve its intestinal absorption and increase its blood bioavailability. Here we show that polymerized ursodeoxycholic acid, selected from a panel of bile-acid polymers and formulated into nanoparticles for the oral delivery of insulin, restored blood-glucose levels in mice and pigs with established type 1 diabetes. The nanoparticles functioned as a protective insulin carrier and as a high-avidity bile-acid-receptor agonist, increased the intestinal absorption of insulin, polarized intestinal macrophages towards the M2 phenotype, and preferentially accumulated in the pancreas of the mice, binding to the islet-cell bile-acid membrane receptor TGR5 with high avidity and activating the secretion of glucagon-like peptide and of endogenous insulin. In the mice, the nanoparticles also reversed inflammation, restored metabolic functions and extended animal survival. When encapsulating rapamycin, they delayed the onset of diabetes in mice with chemically induced pancreatic inflammation. The metabolic and immunomodulatory functions of ingestible bile-acid-polymer nanocarriers may offer translational opportunities for the prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.